The Final Religion
In 1997, Deep Blue, a supercomputer developed by IBM, beat Garry Kasparov, the world’s best
chess player. It was a watershed moment in the history of computing, a seismic event that shook
many people’s understanding of technology, intelligence, and humanity. But today, it is but a
quaint memory: of course a computer would beat the world champion at chess. Why wouldn’t it?
Since the beginning of computing, chess has been a favorite means to test artificial
intelligence.
1
That’s because chess possesses a near-infinite number of permutations: there are
more possible chess games than there are atoms in the observable universe. In any board
position, if one looks only three or four moves ahead, there are already hundreds of millions of
variations.
For a computer to match a human player, not only must it be capable of calculating an
incredible number of possible outcomes, but it must also have solid algorithms to help it decide
what’s worth calculating. Put another way: to beat a human player, a computer’s Thinking Brain,
despite being vastly superior to a human’s, must be programmed to evaluate more/less valuable
board positions—that is, the computer must have a modestly powerful “Feeling Brain”
programmed into it.
2
Since that day in 1997, computers have continued to improve at chess at a staggering rate.
Over the following fifteen years, the top human players regularly got pummeled by chess
software, sometimes by embarrassing margins.
3
Today, it’s not even close. Kasparov himself
recently joked that the chess app that comes installed on most smartphones “is far more powerful
than Deep Blue was.”
4
These days, chess software developers hold tournaments for their
programs to see whose algorithms come out on top. Humans are not only excluded from these
tournaments, but they’d likely not even place high enough for it to matter anyway.
The undisputed champion of the chess software world for the past few years has been an
open-source program called Stockfish. Stockfish has either won or been the runner-up in almost
every significant chess software tournament since 2014. A collaboration between half a dozen
lifelong chess software developers, Stockfish today represents the pinnacle of chess logic. Not
only is it a chess engine, but it can analyze any game, any position, giving grandmaster-level
feedback within seconds of each move a player makes.
Stockfish was happily going along being the king of the computerized chess mountain, being
the gold standard of all chess analysis worldwide, until 2018, when Google showed up to the
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