A Brief History of the World, According to Nietzsche
Let’s say you drop a bunch of people onto a plot of land with limited resources and have them
start a civilization from scratch. Here’s what happens:
Some people are naturally more gifted than others. Some are smarter. Some are bigger and
stronger. Some are more charismatic. Some are friendly and get along easily with others. Some
work harder and come up with better ideas.
The people with natural advantages will accumulate more resources than others. And because
they have more resources, they will have a disproportionate amount of power within this new
society. They will be able to use that power to garner more resources and more advantages, and
so on—you know, the whole “rich get richer” thing. Run this through enough generations, and
pretty soon you have a social hierarchy with a small number of elites at the top and a large
number of people getting completely hosed at the bottom. Since the advent of agriculture, all
human societies have exhibited this stratification, and all societies must deal with the tension that
emerges between the advantaged elite and the disadvantaged masses.
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Nietzsche called the elite the “masters” of society, as they have almost complete control over
wealth, production, and political power. He called the working masses the “slaves” of society
because he saw little difference between a laborer working his whole life for a small sum and
slavery itself.
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Now, here’s where it gets interesting. Nietzsche argued that the masters of society would
come to see their privilege as well deserved. That is, they would craft value narratives to justify
their elite status. Why shouldn’t they be rewarded for it? It was good they were on top. They
deserved it. They were the smartest and strongest and most talented. Therefore, they were the
most righteous.
Nietzsche called this belief system, in which those who end up ahead do so because they
deserve it, “master morality.” Master morality is the moral belief that people get what they
deserve. It’s the moral belief that “might makes right,” that if you earned something through hard
work or ingenuity, you deserve it. No one can take that from you; nor should they. You are the
best, and because you’ve demonstrated superiority, you should be rewarded for it.
Conversely, Nietzsche argued, the “slaves” of society would generate a moral code of their
own. Whereas the masters believed they were righteous and virtuous because of their strength,
the slaves of society came to believe that they were righteous and virtuous because of their
weakness. Slave morality believes that people who have suffered the most, those who are the
most disadvantaged and exploited, deserve the best treatment because of that suffering. Slave
morality believes that it’s the poorest and most unfortunate who deserve the most sympathy and
the most respect.
Whereas master morality believes in the virtue of strength and dominance, slave morality
believes in the virtue of sacrifice and submission. While master morality believes in the necessity
of hierarchy, slave morality believes in the necessity of equality. While master morality is
generally represented by right-wing political beliefs, slave morality is usually found in left-wing
political beliefs.
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We all contain both these moralities within us. Imagine you’re in a class at school and you
study your ass off and get the highest test score. And because you got the highest test score,
you’re awarded benefits due to your success. You feel morally justified having those benefits;
after all, you worked hard and earned them. You are a “good” student and a “good” person for
being a good student. This is master morality.
Now imagine that you have a classmate. This classmate has eighteen siblings, all being raised
by a single mother. This classmate works multiple part-time jobs and is never able to study
because she is literally putting food on the table for her brothers and sisters. She fails the same
exam that you passed with flying colors. Is that fair? No, it’s not. You would probably feel that
she deserves some sort of special exception due to her situation—maybe a chance to retake the
test or to take it at a later date, when she has time to study for it. She deserves this because she is
a “good” person for her sacrifices and disadvantages. This is slave morality.
In Newtonian terms, master morality is the intrinsic desire to create a moral separation
between ourselves and the world around us. It is the desire to create moral gaps with us on top.
Slave morality is, then, an intrinsic desire to equalize, to close the moral gap and alleviate
suffering. Both are fundamental components of our Feeling Brain’s operating system. Both
generate and perpetuate strong emotions. And both give us hope.
Nietzsche argued that the cultures of the ancient world (Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Indian, and
so on) were master morality cultures. They were structured to celebrate strength and excellence
even at the expense of millions of slaves and subjects. They were warrior civilizations; they
celebrated guts, glory, and bloodshed. Nietzsche also argued that the Judeo-Christian ethic of
charity, pity, and compassion ushered slave morality to prominence, and continued to dominate
Western civilization up through his own time. For Nietzsche, these two value hierarchies were in
constant tension and opposition. They were, he believed, at the root of all political and social
conflict throughout history.
And, he warned, that conflict was about to get much worse.
Each religion is a faith-based attempt to explain reality in such a way that it gives people a steady
stream of hope. In a kind of Darwinian competition, those religions that mobilize, coordinate,
and inspire their believers the most are those that win out and spread throughout the world.
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In the ancient world, pagan religions built on master morality justified the existence of
emperors and warrior-kings who swept across the planet, expanding and consolidating territory
and people. Then, about two thousand years ago, slave morality religions emerged and slowly
began to take their place. These new religions were (usually) monotheistic and were not limited
to one nation, race, or ethnic group. They preached their message to everyone because their
message was one of equality: all people were either born good and later corrupted or were born
sinners and had to be saved. Either way, the result was the same. Everyone, regardless of nation,
race, or creed, had to be converted in the name of the One True God.
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Then, in the seventeenth century, a new religion began to emerge in Europe, a religion that
would unleash forces more powerful than anything seen in human history.
Every religion runs into the sticky problem of evidence. You can tell people all this great
stuff about God and spirits and angels and whatnot, but if the entire town burns down and your
kid loses an arm in a fishing accident, well, then . . . oops. Where was God?
Throughout history, authorities have expended a lot of effort to hide the lack of evidence
supporting their religion and/or to punish anyone who dared question the validity of their faith-
based values. It’s for this reason that, like most atheists, Nietzsche loathed spiritual religions.
Natural philosophers, as scientists were called in Isaac Newton’s time, decided that the most
reliable faith-based beliefs were those that had the most evidence supporting them. Evidence
became the God Value, and any belief that was no longer supported by evidence had to be
altered to account for the new observed reality. This produced a new religion: science.
Science is arguably the most effective religion because it is the first religion that is able to
evolve and improve upon itself. It is open to anybody and everybody. It is not moored to a single
book or creed. It is not beholden to some ancient land or people. It is not tethered to a
supernatural spirit whose existence cannot be proven or disproven. It is an ongoing, ever-
changing body of evidence-based beliefs, one that is free to mutate, grow, and shift as the
evidence dictates.
The scientific revolution changed the world more than anything before or since.
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It has
reshaped the planet, lifted billions out of disease and poverty, and improved every aspect of
life.
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It is not an exaggeration to suggest that science may be the only demonstrably good thing
humanity has ever done for itself. (Thank you, Francis Bacon, thank you, Isaac Newton, you
fucking titans.) Science is singularly responsible for all the greatest inventions and advances in
human history, from medicine and agriculture to education and commerce.
But science did something else even more spectacular: it introduced to the world the concept
of growth. For most of human history, “growth” wasn’t a thing. Change occurred so slowly that
everyone died in pretty much the same economic condition they were born in. The average
human from two thousand years ago experienced about as much economic growth in his lifetime
as we experience in six months today.
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People would live their entire lives, and nothing
changed—no new developments, inventions, or technologies. People would live and die on the
same land, among the same people, using the same tools, and nothing ever got better. In fact,
things like plagues and famine and war and dickhead rulers with large armies often made
everything worse. It was a slow, grueling, miserable existence.
And with no prospect for change or a better life in this lifetime, people drew their hope from
spiritual promises of a better life in the next lifetime. Spiritual religions flourished, and
dominated daily life. Everything revolved around the Church (or synagogue or temple or mosque
or whatever). Priests and holy men were the arbiters of social life because they were the arbiters
of hope. They were the only ones who could tell you what God wanted, and God was the only
one who could promise any salvation or a better future. Therefore, these holy men dictated
everything that was of value in society.
Then science happened, and shit got cray-cray. Microscopes and printing presses and internal
combustion engines and cotton gins and thermometers and, finally, some goddamn medicine that
actually worked. Suddenly, life got better. More important, you could see life getting better.
People used better tools, had access to more food, were healthier, and made more money.
Finally, you could look back ten years and say, “Whoa! Can you believe we used to live like
that?”
And that ability to look back and see progress, see growth happen, changed how people
viewed the future. It changed how they viewed themselves. Forever.
Now, you didn’t have to wait until death to improve your lot. You could improve it here and
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