other. And, more important, now men had something to kill each other
for: women, and the
resources that attracted women. Thus, began the stupid dick-measuring contest also known as
human history.
Wars started. Kingdoms and rivalries arose. Slavery happened. Emperors started conquering
one another, leaving hundreds of thousands slaughtered in their wake. Entire cities were built and
then destroyed. Meanwhile, women were treated as property, traded and bartered among the men
like fancy goats or something.
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Basically, humans started being humans.
Everything appeared to be fucked. But in the bottom of that box there remained something
shiny and beautiful.
There remained hope.
There are many interpretations of the Pandora’s box myth, the most common being that while the
gods punished us with all the evils of the world, they also equipped us with the one antidote to
those evils: hope. Think of it as the yin and the yang of mankind’s eternal struggle: everything is
always fucked, but the more fucked things become, the more we must mobilize hope to sustain
and overcome the world’s fuckedness. This is why heroes such as Witold Pilecki inspire us: their
ability to muster enough hope to resist evil reminds us that all of us are capable of resisting evil.
The sickness may spread, but so does the cure, because hope is contagious. Hope is what
saves the world.
But here’s another, less popular interpretation of the Pandora’s box myth: What if hope is not
the antidote to evil? What if hope is just another form of evil? What if hope just got left in the
box?
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Because hope didn’t just inspire Pilecki’s heroics. Hope also inspired the Communist
revolutions and the Nazi genocides. Hitler
hoped to exterminate the Jews to bring about an
evolutionarily superior human race. The Soviets
hoped to instigate a global revolution to unite
the world in true equality under communism. And let’s be honest, most of the atrocities
committed by the Western, capitalist societies over the past one hundred years were done in the
name of hope: hope for greater global economic freedom and wealth.
Like a surgeon’s scalpel, hope can save a life, and hope can take a life. It can uplift us, and it
can destroy us. Just as there are healthy and damaging forms of confidence, and healthy and
damaging forms of love, there are also healthy and damaging forms of hope. And the difference
between the two is not always clear.
So far, I’ve argued that hope is fundamental to our psychology, that we need to (a) have
something to look forward to, (b) believe ourselves in control of our fate enough to achieve that
something, and (c) find a community to achieve it with us. When we lack one or all of these for
too long, we lose hope and spiral into the void of the Uncomfortable Truth.
Experiences generate emotions. Emotions generate values. Values generate narratives of
meaning. And people who share similar narratives of meaning come together to generate
religions. The more effective (or affective) a religion, the more industrious and disciplined the
adherents. And the more industrious and disciplined the adherents, the more likely the religion is
to spread to other people, to give them a sense of self-control and a feeling of hope. These
religions grow and expand and eventually define in-groups versus out-groups, create rituals and
taboos, and spur conflict between groups with opposing values.
These conflicts must exist
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