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thesis

4.2.3  Analysis of data  
 
4.2.3.1  Quantitative  data analysis 
 
According to Punch (2003:64), a descriptive analysis of all the main variables is done 
focusing on distribution statements. Appropriate means, standard deviations and 
frequency distributions may be used. This can be done across the whole sample as well as 
for important sub-groups within the sample using tables to present results. Bivariate 
relationships are examined between the variables – taking into consideration whether the 
variables are continuous or categorical. Generally the following is recommended (Punch 
2003:64): 
 
• 
if both variables are continuous, use product-moment correlation 
• 
if one variable is continuous and the other categorical and dichotomous, use 
either point bi-serial correlation or t tests for the differences between group 
means 
• 
if one variable is continuous and the  other categorical with more than two 
categories, use one-way analysis of variance for the difference between groups 
• 
if both variables are categorical, use contingency tables. 
 
 The investigation of joint relationships between variables and the techniques to be used 
are guided by the research questions and the way those research questions are phrased. In 
general, Punch (2003:65) advocates the use of multiple linear regression in the 
investigation of joint relationships between variables. Quantitative data may be presented 
in various forms, such as, graphs, charts, tables and diagrams. 
 
Punch (2003:45) recommends doing the following before undertaking survey data 
analysis: data preparation, data cleaning and data entry. Data cleaning refers to the 
tidying up of the data set before the analysis itself begins. Questionnaire responses need 
to be proofread by the researcher, and decisions made about unclear responses, situations 
where a respondent may have answered more than one alternative, and missing data. 
Once that is done, the questionnaire responses need to be entered into the computer for 


 
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electronic data processing. Questions of design, layout and format will have to be 
answered in preparing data for processing.  
 
Survey data analyses often use certain statistical tools. These may be univariate, bivariate 
or multivariate.  The data from each individual survey item is known as a variable 
because it can vary from one respondent to the next  (Alreck & Settle 1995: 268). 
Univariate statistical tools describe one variable at a time, while bivariate statistics may 
include two variables and show the relationship between them. Other tools called 
multivariate statistics may include several variables and show the pattern of relationships 
among them (p268). Virtually all survey analyses use univariate statistics and almost all 
surveys also use bivariate statistical tools. Multivariate statistical analysis is used in more 
elaborate survey analyses. 
 

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