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• debriefing with the moderator team following the group session and transcripts
if used (Krueger & Casey 2000:128).
Whereas with quantitative research, data scrutiny only begins when all necessary
information
has been gathered, focus group analysis begins with the first focus group
(Krueger & Casey 2000:129) as the analysis is done concurrently with data collection and
each subsequent group is investigated and compared to earlier groups.
There are a number of bases for data capturing and analysis. These are transcripts, tapes,
notes including memory, depending on the purpose of the study.
If the analysis is
transcript based (Krueger & Casey 2000:130), the procedure is as follows:
The investigator reads the transcript, which is an unabridged typed version of the tape
recording, and then makes notes, codes, and sections or develops categories. Full
verbatim transcription is common for focus groups (Lee & Fielding 2004, Potter 2004,
Pidgeon & Henwood 2004). It is a time consuming process estimated to take
approximately 8-10 hours per hour of tape. It may even take longer if paralinguistic
features are also transcribed (Pidgeon & Henwood). Potter (2004:615)
estimates that a
ratio of 1 hour of tape to 20 hours of transcription time is not unreasonable. When the
record is complete, the transcripts are often printed with a wide margin to allow for the
addition of notes and comments in the scrutiny stage. Coloured pens may be used or
scissors to cut out and identify sections relevant to the study (Krueger & Casey
2000:131).
A report, consisting of a summary of the findings from different audience
groups in the study, is then prepared. The report may be organised thematically or by
using the focus group questions as an outline. When using the analysis from tape-
recordings
, the researcher listens to the recording of each focus group and develops an
abridged account including the most salient parts of the discussions. Analysis also
relies
on field notes which may have been supplemented by audio- or video recordings. The
audio- and video recordings are used as backup if the notes need to be clarified. The final
source for analysis is memory. This one requires considerable skill and experience. As
Krueger and Casey (2000:132) point out, it has substantial potential
for error when the
user is not a professional moderator.
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Two main data analysis approaches recommended for focus group scrutiny are the long-
table approach and the computer approach
. The long-table approach involves the core
elements of cutting, sorting and arranging through comparing and contrasting. The
computer approach uses three distinct methods: cut and paste; computer sorting, coding
and macros; qualitative data analysis software programs such as Ethnograph or
NUD*IST. Both long-table and computer methods are described in detail in Krueger and
Casey (2000:132-138). Qualitative data presentation may use taxonomies, maps, lists,
flowcharts, organisational charts, causal diagrams and various lists and grids (Neuman
2000:440).
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