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  Survey research – general orientation



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4.2.1  Survey research – general orientation 
 
According to Neuman (2000: 250), the survey researcher follows a deductive approach. 
He or she begins with a theoretical or applied research problem and ends with empirical 
measurement and data analysis.  
 
In addition, according to McMillan and Schumacher (1993:279), the investigator selects a 
sample of respondents and administers a questionnaire or conducts interviews to collect 
information. The data gathered are used to describe characteristics of a certain 
population. Surveys are used to learn about people’s attitudes, beliefs, values, 
demographics, behaviour, opinions, habits, desires, ideas, and such information. A survey 
researcher, Neuman (1997:31), often uses a small sample, a small group of selected 
people, but applies results to a larger group. Survey techniques are often used in 
descriptive or explanatory research. Most surveys describe the incidence, frequency and 


 
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distribution of the characteristics of an identified population. In addition to being 
descriptive, surveys can also be used to explore relationships between variables and be 
explanatory.  
 
McMillan and Schumacher (1993:281) suggest a series of steps to follow when 
conducting survey research. The first step involves defining the purpose and objectives of 
the research, which should include a general statement and specific objectives that define 
in detail the information that needs to be collected. The objectives should be 
unambiguous. Next, the resources and target population should be selected. This 
necessitates making decisions about the total amount of time, money and personnel 
available before designing the methodology to gather data. Financial constraints may 
dictate whether a locally developed or already existing instrument is used. The sample 
size may also be determined by the amount of money available. The objectives of the 
study may need to be modified accordingly. 
 
Thereafter a choice of methods to gather data must be made. The questionnaire and 
personal interview are the most frequently used techniques for collecting data. In a 
survey, the techniques must be standardised so that information from each respondent is 
gathered in a consistent manner and the administration, format and sequence of questions 
and statements is the same (McMillan & Schumacher 1993:281). 
 
A sampling decision is then made. Most surveys use a form of random sampling to 
ensure a representative sample of the population. The sample can be stratified. The letter 
of transmittal follows. This letter should be brief and should establish the credibility of 
the researcher and his/her study by including: 
 
▪    
the names and identification of the investigators 
▪    
the significance of the research for the respondent and profession 
▪    
the protection afforded the respondents by keeping their identity confidential  
 ▪   
a  definite time limit  
▪    
endorsements for the study by recognised institutions or groups 
▪    
a brief description of the questionnaire and procedure 


 
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▪    
mention of an opportunity to obtain results 
▪  
a request for co-operation and honesty 
▪  
thanks to the respondent. 
 
Follow-up should be done after a period of two to four weeks. The follow-up letter 
should contain another questionnaire, a stamped return-addressed envelope as well as a 
cover letter stressing the importance of the study and the subject’s contribution. Non-
respondents who have failed to return the completed questionnaire should also be 
followed up especially if the results are to be used for important decisions. 
 

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