to a formal qualification by the relevant national education
or equivalent authorities by sitting an examination after
studying on his/her own, should this self-study be
considered as formal education?
A programme is only formal if the programme is recognised by the relevant national
education or equivalent authorities. This implies that the programme is meant to be followed
through an institution (i.e. it should be institutionalised).
Self-study on the other hand is by definition not institutionalised. Even if a person studying
on their own is allowed to register for a final examination so that they can obtain a
qualification recognised as equivalent to a formal qualification by the relevant national
education or equivalent authorities the learning activity is still considered as informal as it is
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