ADABIYOTLAR
1. Mustafaev S.M., Ahmedov O’.A. Botanika. – T.: O’zFan, 2006. – 434 b.
2. Mustafaev S.M., Ahmedov O‘.A., Mustafaeva M.S., YUlchieva M.T.
Botanika. – T.: «TAFAKUR BO‘STONI» MCHJ bosmaxonasi, 2012. –
202 b.
3. Яковлев Г.П., Челомбитько В.А., Дорофеев В.И. Ботаника. – С.:
“СпецЛит” 2008.- 687с.
4.
Pharmaceutikal Botany, Text-Books for students of pharmacy and science.-
Published by Forgotten books, 2013. –15 p.
5. V. Ch. Evans. Farmakognoziya. –Edinburg, London Nyu– York,
Filadelfiya, Sidney, Toronto (16 nashr).- Saunders Elsevier Limited, 2009.
6. П.Зитте, Э.В.Вайлер, И.В.Кодерайт, А. Бруинский, К.Кейнер.
Ботаника.- Москва, 2007 г.(перевод с немецкого языка)
7. Ahmedov O’.A., Yulchieva M.T. Botanika fanidan elektron darslik. - T.:
2008.
8. Botanika fanidan amaliy mas’hg‘ulotlar uchun o’quv-uslubiy
ko’rsatmalar.- T.: X.F. “Nizim” bosmaxonasi, 2006, 2007, 2012.
9. Березовская Т.П., Дмитрук С.Е., Гришина Е.И., Белоусов М.В. Основы
фарматцевтической ботаники.- Томск: Печатная манифактура, 2004. -
294 с.
10. Mustafaev S.M., Ahmedov O’.A., Samatova S’h.S. O’simliklar
sistematikasidan amaliy mas’hg‘ulotlar. - T.: “YuNAKS-PRINT” MChJ
bosmaxonasi, 2007. - 127 b.
11. Коровкин О.А. Ботаника.- Москва, “КноРус”, 2016. – 434с.
12. Toyjonov K., B.A.Nigmatullayev, Sh.Sh. Sagdullayev O’zbekiston dorivor
o’simliklari lotincha nomlarining etimologik lug’ati. T.: “Navro’z”, 2016.-
209 b.
397
MUNDARIJA
So‘z boshi........................................................................................................ 4
Fanga kirish va rivojlanish tarixi..................................................................... 6
I-bob
Botanika fanining asosiy tarmoqlari...............................................................
21
Hujayra............................................................................................................ 23
Hujayra bo‘linishi............................................................................................ 37
Vakuolalar va hujayra shirasi.......................................................................... 40
Hujayradagi zahira oziq moddalar.................................................................. 51
Hujayra po‘sti.................................................................................................. 55
II-bob
O‘simlik to‘qimalari, ularning tuzilishi va vazifasi........................................
60
To‘qimalarni tasniflash................................................................................... 61
Hosil qiluvchi to‘qimalar (meristemalar)........................................................ 63
Qoplovchi to‘qimalar...................................................................................... 67
Mexanik to‘qimalar......................................................................................... 75
Asosiy to‘qimalar............................................................................................ 79
Ajratuvchi to‘qimalar...................................................................................... 82
O‘tkazuvchi to‘qimalar................................................................................... 88
III-bob
O‘simliklarning vegetativ organlari................................................................
94
Ildiz.................................................................................................................
98
Ildizlar xamkorligi........................................................................................... 103
Ildizning ichki tuzilishi.................................................................................... 105
Ildizning birlamchi tuzilishi............................................................................ 107
Ildizning ikkilamchi tuzilishi..........................................................................
111
Shakli o‘zgargan ildizlar va ularning ichki tuzilishi....................................... 114
Poya ................................................................................................................ 115
398
Novda ............................................................................................................. 118
Shakli o‘zgargan novdalar............................................................................... 121
Poyaning ichki tuzilishi................................................................................... 125
Barg................................................................................................................. 131
Bargning ichki tuzilishi................................................................................... 140
IV-bob
O‘simliklarning o‘sishi va rivojlanishi............................................................
146
O‘sishga ta’sir qiladigan omillar..................................................................... 148
Fitogarmonlar.................................................................................................. 151
O‘simliklarning rivojlanishi............................................................................ 155
Rivojlanishning umumiy qonuniyatlari........................................................... 156
Fotosintez jarayoni.......................................................................................... 158
V-bob
O‘simliklarning ko‘payishi.............................................................................
162
VI-bob
Reproduktiv yoki generativ organlar...............................................................
170
Gulning tuzilishi.............................................................................................. 171
Changlanish va urug‘lanish............................................................................. 179
To‘pgullar........................................................................................................ 184
Urug‘ tuzilishi................................................................................................. 191
Meva...............................................................................................................
194
VII-bob
O‘simliklar sistematikasi.................................................................................
201
Tuban o‘simliklar............................................................................................ 206
Hujayrali, yadroli, plastidli tallofitlar……...................................................... 209
Hujayrali, yadroli, plastidsiz tallofitlar……...................................................
218
Lishayniklar bo‘limi….................................................................................... 226
Yuksak o‘simliklar.......................................................................................... 229
Organoldi arxegoniyali o‘simliklar ................................................................ 231
399
Organli arxegoniyali o‘simliklar..................................................................... 236
Urug‘li o‘simliklar........................................................................................... 247
Yopiqur ug‘li yoki gulli o‘simliklar................................................................ 256
Ikkipallalilar sinfi…….................................................................................... 260
Lavrdoshlar oilasi…........................................................................................ 263
Ayiqtovonlilar kenja sinfi................................................................................ 264
Zirkdoshlar oilasi…......................................................................................... 265
Ayiqtovondoshlar oilasi.................................................................................. 266
Ko‘knoriguldoshlar oilasi................................................................................ 268
Torongullilar tartibi……................................................................................. 271
Sho‘radoshlar oilasi......................................................................................... 273
Xamameliyalar tartibi...................................................................................... 274
Qoraqayingullilar tartibi….............................................................................. 275
Qovoqdoshlar tartibi….................................................................................... 276
Kapperslar oilasi……………………………………………………………. 280
Atirguldoshlar oilasi….................................................................................... 281
Dukkakdoshlar oilasi....................................................................................... 289
Gulhayrisimonlar tartibi….............................................................................. 293
Jo‘kadoshlar oilasi…....................................................................................... 296
Mirtalilar tartibi............................................................................................... 297
Chinniguldoshlar tartibi................................................................................... 298
Ligistrumgullilar tartibi................................................................................... 300
Zaytundoshlar oilasi........................................................................................ 300
Araliyadoshlar .oilasi......................................................................................
301
Soyabonguldoshlar oilasi................................................................................ 302
Ituzumdoshlar oilasi........................................................................................ 308
Labguldoshlar oilasi........................................................................................ 311
Astralilar kenja sinfi........................................................................................ 315
Piyozgulilar tartibi........................................................................................... 321
400
Piyozdoshlar oilasi.......................................................................................... 321
Qo‘ng‘irboshlilar tartibi.................................................................................. 325
O‘simliklar geografiyasi, geobotanikasi va ekologiyasi................................. 332
O‘simliklar geografiyasi yoki fitogegrafiya.................................................... 333
Geobotanika va fitosenologiya asoslari…………………………………….. 334
O‘simliklar areali............................................................................................. 353
O‘simliklar jamoasi......................................................................................... 355
O‘simliklar zonalarga ajralishi........................................................................ 358
O‘simliklarni muhofaza qilish......................................................................... 363
Halq tabobati va ilmiy tibbiyotda fitoterapiyadan foydalanish…………….. 366
Adabiyotlar………………………………………………….......................... 396
Mundarija………………………………………………………………….... 397
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