29 Bring, take, fetch
COS
A–Z
23 Because/cos
DO
31
Forms of auxiliary verb do
31a
Do is used to form the interrogative and negative of lexical verbs (except copular
verb be and some uses of lexical verb have).
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539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
From word to grammar: an A–Z | 71
person
interrogative
negative declarative
negative interrogative
present tense:
Do I know Helen?
I don’t eat much meat.
Don’t I know you?
all persons
except third
What
do you want?
You don’t look old enough.
Don’t you think
singular
dad’s looking better?
Do we really have to
We don’t think about it.
do it?
Why don’t we put it
They don’t get back till
to a vote?
Do they sell posters?
Tuesday.
Don’t they look
after her?
present tense:
Does anybody want
She doesn’t eat lunch.
Doesn’t anybody ask
third person
boiled rice?
you about that tee-shirt?
singular
past tense:
Did I get my change?
I didn’t say that.
Didn’t I sign it?
all persons
Did you hear what
You didn’t try hard enough.
Didn’t you tell them the
I said?
dates?
Roger didn’t have any coffee.
Where did he work?
Didn’t he turn up?
Did we talk about that
We didn’t go upstairs.
Didn’t we have a
last time?
leaflet?
They didn’t hear anything.
Did they hire a car?
Didn’t they come
from an academic
background as well?
In more formal styles, or careful speech, or when auxiliary do or not is stressed,
don’t, doesn’t and didn’t may be spoken and written as do not, does not and did not:
●
Formal styles:
At an acrimonious meeting, 182 members voted for his adoption, 35 against,
four put up their hands as abstentions and 61 did not vote.
The public affection for the Queen does not extend to her family.
●
Careful speech, stressed auxiliary or stressed not:
If I never have to see another doctor’s surgery or hospital outpatient clinic,
then I would be extremely, extremely happy. I
do not like being ill.
Other contracted forms of do and did
31b
In informal speech, do you and did you may be contracted to /dju/ and written as
d’you:
What about roads? D’you think less should be spent on the roads?
(Do you think …)
D’you get my message?
(Did you get my message?)
72 | From word to grammar: an A–Z
Cambridge Grammar of English
After where, who, what, why and how, did may be contracted to /d/ in informal
speech, and written as ’d:
Where
’d you put the scissors?
(Where did you put the scissors?)
A: What’d you say?
(What did you say?)
B: I said why are you depressed?
Why’d she ring back?
(Why did she ring back?)
Emphatic declarative form of do
31c
Do, does, did are also used for the emphatic declarative:
I’ve got some nice shrubs here which I do like.
But I think it does affect the quality a little bit.
He did mention that getting the public involved sometimes was a waste of time.
Do in tags and as a substitute verb
31d
The forms of do in the table above (31a) and the infinitive to do are used in tags
and checks, and in substitute clauses to repeat the idea of the main clause:
You like lemon chicken, don’t you, Maureen?
She doesn’t go short of anything, does she?
A: It went straight into his eye.
B: Did it?
A: Yeah.
I wouldn’t intrude in any way on any academic problem because I don’t have
the necessary qualification to do so.
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also
98 Questions and tags and 130 Substitution
Lexical verb do
31e
Do as a lexical verb is used to indicate activity of some kind. It collocates strongly
with nouns denoting physical and mental activities:
They think the women are the ones who go out and do the shopping.
He kept asking me if I’d do a painting of him.
Other everyday nouns of this type include:
cleaning
course
decorating
degree
diploma
dishes
homework
housework
job
project
research
washing (up)
work
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From word to grammar: an A–Z | 73
A very common pattern is do + quantifying expression + activity noun:
Do you do a lot of skiing?
I managed to do a bit of theatre-going and concert-going.
Let’s now make the beds and do some hoovering if that’s all right.
Other everyday nouns that occur in this construction include:
Do and make
31f
Do is often used with nouns that can also be used with make. Do focuses on the
activity itself, while make focuses on the end product of the activity:
Do you want me to make some potato salad? Cos Mick said he’d do a potato
salad and another sort of salad and I’ve just been on the phone to Jane as well,
she says she’s gonna do a rice salad.
A–Z
51 Make
DOWN
32
Down is used as a preposition indicating movement or position:
They drove down the hill too quickly and didn’t see the bend.
The supermarket’s down the hill, then turn right. You can’t miss it.
Pamela lives just down the road.
Down is also used as an adverb:
They were waving a flag up and down and looking very anxious.
You’ve come down from Portland, have you?
Down can also be used as an adjective. It is almost exclusively used predicatively
and it has a wide range of meanings which are often metaphoric and often
negative:
She’s a bit down.
(sad)
The computer’s down again.
(not working)
Don’t be too down on them. They haven’t done this before.
(critical)
cooking
exercise
fishing
gardening
reading
sightseeing
singing
studying
swimming
walking
writing
74 | From word to grammar: an A–Z
Cambridge Grammar of English
Down can also be used as a verb:
He downed his opponent in the third round.
(knocked down, defeated)
DURING
33
During is used to refer to extended events or periods of time. Reference may be to
the whole time of the event, or to something that occurred while the event was
taking place:
You’re not allowed to smoke during the flight.
(the whole flight)
During that week it was the birthday of our son.
(at a point in the week)
✪
During and for are different. During is not used with numbers and quantitative
time expressions:
I worked there for three years.
(I worked there during three years.)
However, during is used with the last + quantitative time expressions:
Have you seen him at all during the last few days?
During is not used to introduce clauses:
While I was sitting there, the nurses were talking in the corridor.
(During I was sitting there, the nurses were talking in the corridor.)
A–Z
43 For
EACH
34
Each other
34a
By far the most common construction with each is each other, which is used to
refer to a reciprocal event or state, where the subject and object are both agents
and recipients of the same process:
I mean, you two have known each other for a long time, haven’t you?
[talking about the subjects of study at a university]
The Business Studies and the Computing actually complement each other
very well.
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From word to grammar: an A–Z | 75
A: We don’t mind being with each other in the day.
B: Yeah.
A: Some couples … I’ve got friends who say I’m happily married but I couldn’t
be locked in a house for five years with my husband.
Although each other most frequently refers to only two people or things, this is not
necessarily so, and it may refer to larger groups, especially in informal speech. In
this way, it is an alternative to one another:
Our next generation in the family, they’re all very close to each other, if you
know what I mean.
She said it was all right at the beginning of the year, they all moved in together,
but this is the third year they’ve all lived together, and she said, ‘Oh so many
arguments’. She said, cos they know each other so well now, instead of talking
about each other behind their back, they just have full blown arguments to
their face.
Each other’s can be used as a possessive determiner:
We like each other’s company.
✪
Each other cannot be used as the subject of the clause. Each of us/each of
you/each of them, or we each/you each/they each is used:
Each of us must return to continue the fight in our own towns.
(Each other must return to continue the fight in our own towns.)
We each make our own decisions.
Each other and one another are often used interchangeably, with little difference
in meaning:
His last wife was Chinese, and they lived in separate houses, but not far away
from one another.
(or: … not far away from each other.)
Oh this is Peggy Ann. We’ve known one another now for, what, fifteen years.
However, while each other can be used to emphasise the individuality of the
relationship between one person or thing and another, one another can be used to
focus on people and things as groups:
It is natural for people to be interested in one another’s affairs in the country,
and anything of that nature was sure to be talked about: but this time there
was much more talk than usual.
(people seen as an undefined group)
The high valleys of Graubünden were virtually isolated from one another until
well into the nineteenth century.
(all the valleys seen as a group)
76 | From word to grammar: an A–Z
Cambridge Grammar of English
Each and every
34b
Each refers to individual things in a group or list of two or more entities. It is often
similar in meaning to every, but every refers to a group or list of more than two
entities. Compare:
1 We each make our own decisions.
(stresses individual members of a group)
2 Everyone makes their own decisions.
(stresses the group as a totality)
While example
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