Û
286e
).
Some verbs are followed by an indirect and a direct object. An indirect object
always has a direct object accompanying it.
An indirect object (
IO
) is the entity affected by (i.e. the recipient or beneficiary
of) the direct object (
DO
). The indirect object comes before the direct object:
S
V
IO
DO
He | gave | me | his number.
hate
help
hope
intend
learn
like
long
love
manage
mean
need
neglect
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
promise
propose
refuse
remember
(can’t) stand
start
try
want
wish
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 517
Verbs used with indirect + direct object construction
286a
Common verbs which can be used with an indirect object + direct object
construction include:
In these examples, the indirect object is underlined, the direct object is in green:
He brought them
some cakes
.
I lent my niece
£500
.
I offered him
a drink
.
I showed you
his photo
, remember?
Û
278 for a full account of direct and indirect objects
Indirect objects and passive voice
286b
Some verbs allow two passive voice alternatives for active clauses with indirect +
direct object.
Examples of alternative passive constructions
example
type
IO
DO
They gave the children
presents
.
active
The children were given presents.
passive alternative
1 (
IO
becomes subject)
Presents were given to the children.
passive alternative
2 (
DO
becomes subject)
Passive alternative 1 (indirect object becomes subject) is the more common.
Verbs which allow alternative passives include:
bring
give
grant
hand
leave
lend
allow
ask
bring
charge
envy
find
fine
forgive
give
grant
hand
leave
lend
make
offer
order
owe
pay
promise
read
refuse
reserve
save
send
serve
show
spare
teach
tell
throw
wish
518 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
We were paid lots of money.
(less frequent: Lots of money was paid [to us].)
(active alternatives: They paid us lots of money./They paid lots of money to us.)
I was taught English by her father.
(possible, but less common or likely, alternative: English was taught to me by
her father.)
The verbs in
286e do not have alternative passives, and only the direct object
noun phrase, not the noun phrase which is the complement of the preposition,
may become the subject of a passive alternative:
They were robbed of all their belongings.
(possible active clause: Somebody robbed them of all their belongings.)
(All their belongings were robbed [of] them.)
She was charged with murder.
(possible active clause: They charged her with murder.)
(Murder was charged [with] her.)
Indirect object + that-clause as direct object
286c
Some verbs occur with an indirect object (underlined in the examples) plus a that-
clause direct object (in green in the examples). For the following verbs the indirect
object is obligatory:
The bank manager convinced them
that it was not a good time to start a business
.
(The bank manager convinced that it was not a good time to start a business.)
Remind her
that the committee meeting is on Monday
.
With other verbs, the indirect object is optional. A subjunctive verb form (i.e. subject
+ base form of the verb for all persons) may also occur. These include:
Kumara left a suicide note asking
that he be buried with his most cherished
possessions
.
(subjunctive verb form be)
advise
ask
bet
order
promise
show
teach
warn
write
assure
convince
inform
notify
persuade
remind
tell
offer
owe
pay
promise
read
send
serve
show
teach
tell
throw
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 519
This graph shows
that clocks have got more accurate over the years
.
They warned
that this could completely transform the countryside
.
Some verbs allow complementation with a prepositional phrase (underlined in
the examples below) plus a that-clause direct object (in green in the examples
below). These include:
He did not return to his seat but announced to the general assembly
that he
was very tired
.
I want an education, to prove to society
that I am no longer dangerous
.
I suggested to Charlie
that he come with me
but he turned pale at the idea.
(subjunctive verb form come)
Indirect object + wh-clause as direct object
286d
Advise, ask, inform, remind, show and tell may be used with an indirect object
(underlined) and a wh-clause as direct object (in green):
I asked him
why he came
.
Could you please advise me
what I should do
.
[lecturer to students at beginning of lecture]
Just to remind you
what we covered last time
, …
Advise, ask, instruct, remind, show, teach, tell and warn may be followed by an
indirect object (underlined) and a wh-clause in the infinitive (in green):
I’ll ask Anne
what to wear
.
The pastry chef showed him
how to create exotic desserts
.
They should have told us
what to do
if we were dissatisfied.
acknowledge
admit
announce
complain
confess
explain
mention
point out
prove
remark
report
say
state
propose
recommend
suggest
520 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
Direct object + prepositional phrase
286e
Give to, send to, etc.
Many of the verbs in
286a can also be used with an object noun phrase and a
prepositional phrase with to. This construction is sometimes called transitive
oblique. The verbs are:
In these examples, the direct object is in green, the prepositional phrase is
underlined:
George handed
the bottle
to William.
She sent
an email
to him.
I taught
English
to adults.
Other verbs may not be used in this way (direct object in green, indirect object
underlined):
I envied him
his success
.
(I envied his success to him.)
The choice between using an indirect + direct object structure or an object +
prepositional phrase (oblique complement) depends on what the speaker wishes
to focus on in the message. As end position in English is generally associated with
greater focus, either the direct object (in green) of the verb can be put into focus
or the recipient of the direct object (underlined):
George handed William
the bottle
.
(end-focus on the bottle)
George handed
the bottle
to William.
(end-focus on William)
However, where two pronouns are involved, the prepositional (oblique)
construction is often preferred to an indirect object + direct object:
She wrote her name and address on the card and gave
it
to me.
(or: … and gave me it; or, more informal: … and gave it me)
I think my mother gave
them
to them.
(preferred to: … gave them them)
bring
give
grant
hand
leave
lend
offer
owe
pay
promise
read
send
serve
show
teach
tell
throw
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 521
Make for, save for
Not all the verbs in
286a can be used with the oblique construction with a
to-prepositional phrase. Some verbs are followed by a noun phrase (in green in
the examples below) together with a prepositional phrase with for (underlined in
the examples below). These include:
Her mother made me
a lovely sweater
.
Her mother made
a lovely sweater
for me.
(Her mother made a lovely sweater to me.)
I’m going to be late. Can you save me
a seat
?
Can you save
a seat
for me?
(Can you save a seat to me?)
Accuse of, congratulate on, provide with
Other verbs have special prepositions associated with them and are only used in
the oblique construction, not with indirect and direct objects. These verbs include:
The police charged
him
with dangerous driving.
Steven introduced
him
to me.
(Steven introduced me him.)
She said she’d provide
me
with a list of all managers.
(compare: She said she’d give me a list of all managers.)
The steward tried to relieve
me
of my overcoat.
She thanked
her colleagues
for all the cards and presents.
I want to treat
you
to a drink.
accuse of
charge with
compare with
congratulate on
convince of
deprive of
inform of
interest in
introduce to
persuade of
prevent from
protect from
provide with
refer to
relieve of
remind of
rob of
sentence to
serve with
subject to
suspect of
tell about
thank for
treat to
warn of
find
make
order
reserve
save
spare
522 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
Direct object + to-infinitive clause
286f
Some verbs may be used with a direct object (in green in the examples below)
followed by a to-infinitive clause (underlined in the examples below). These verbs
include:
Did they ever advise
you
to go and see a doctor?
Sally invited
her
to stay lots of times.
COMPLEX TRANSITIVE COMPLEMENTATION
287
Complex transitive complementation occurs when a direct object is followed by
an object complement or a locative complement (
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