Cambridge Grammar of English Hardback with cd-rom a comprehensive Guide


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Cambridge grammar of English

Raise

your hand

if you can hear me.

Take

what you want

.

Copular verbs

282c

Verbs such as be, seem, become, feel, remain, smell, taste are followed by



predicative complements, in the form of adjective phrases, noun phrases, adverb

phrases or prepositional phrases which give more information about the subject.

These verbs are called copular verbs. In the examples, the verbs are in bold, the

predicative complements are in green:



It seems

strange

, doesn’t it really.

You are

the boss

.

The cat’s

in the garden

.

Verbs which may be used transitively or intransitively

282d

Few verbs must always be used intransitively, and many verbs can be used both



intransitively or transitively. Sometimes the meaning remains the same whether

the verb is used transitively or intransitively, but sometimes there is a change of

relationship between the verb and the subject.

ask

believe

blame

bring

buy

carry

catch

cut

describe

do

enjoy

expect

find

forgive

get

give

help

hold

keep

know

like

lose

love

make

mean

need

offer

produce

put

raise

receive

remember

say

see

suggest

take

use

want

watch

Û

539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms

Verb complementation | 505




No change in meaning

Some verbs may be used with or without an object with no change in meaning.

Such verbs include:

Examples of verbs with and without an object – same meaning

with object (in green)

without object

People make extra money by driving

taxis

.

You drive along here about two miles.

Can I help

you

?

How can I help?

All I need to do is win

the lottery

.

You can’t win all the time.

Change of subject-verb relationship

Some verbs may be used with or without an object, but the subject-verb

relationship is different in each case. Such verbs include:

When these verbs are used with an object, the subject is the agent (doer) of the

action. When they are used without an object, the action or event happens to the

subject.

Examples of verbs with and without an object – different meanings

with object (in green)

without object

subject (underlined) is agent of the action/event

the action/event happens to the subject (underlined)

We closed

the door

and they knocked later.

The door closed.

Sony has increased

overseas production

.

Worldwide sales have increased by 14%.

She walks

the dog

every morning.

He walks everywhere. I don’t think he can drive.

How do you work

this photocopier

?

The photocopier is not working.

OTHER INTRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS



283

Pure intransitive constructions are those where there is a subject and no

requirement of any further elements. However, some intransitive constructions do

include information about subject-object relationships, or have parallel transitive

constructions with the same meaning.

These constructions include the pseudo-intransitive construction, reciprocal

verbs and reflexive verbs.

begin

change

close (down)

decrease

drop

increase

open

slam

turn

walk

work

approach

drink

drive

eat

enter

help

leave

pass

play

win

write

506 | Verb complementation

Cambridge Grammar of English



Pseudo-intransitive construction

283a


Verbs which are normally transitive also sometimes occur intransitively in clauses

where the subject is in reality the recipient of the action or event, and where the

agent is not mentioned. This type of intransitivity is called pseudo-intransitive.

Verbs used in this way include:

These verbs are typically complemented by adverb phrases or prepositional phrases:

This blouse hasn’t washed

very well

.

[The Independent is a newspaper]



Cusack said, ‘One other thing: ‘The Independent’ are carrying a shortened

version of the Choltitz profile of you, Prime Minister. It reads

very well indeed

.’

Jack Pritchards’ books sell

by the million

.

Sell also occurs with an object in this type of construction, usually referring to

number or quantity:

[referring to a pop music record]

It eventually sold

about 500,000 copies

so I got a silver disc.

Reciprocal verbs

283b

Reciprocal verbs such as divorcemeetmarry can have the same meaning as their



transitively constructed equivalents:

Frank and Diane met in 1979.

(compare the transitive equivalents: Frank met Diane in 1979./Diane met

Frank in 1979.)

Lily and Tom married after a brief courtship.

(compare: Lily married Tom … Tom married Lily …)

Reflexive construction

283c


A small number of verbs may be used intransitively or with a reflexive pronoun

object, though meaning changes occur when the verb is reflexive (




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