Raise
your hand
if you can hear me.
Take
what you want
.
Copular verbs
282c
Verbs such as be, seem, become, feel, remain, smell, taste are followed by
predicative complements, in the form of adjective phrases, noun phrases, adverb
phrases or prepositional phrases which give more information about the subject.
These verbs are called copular verbs. In the examples, the verbs are in bold, the
predicative complements are in green:
It seems
strange
, doesn’t it really.
You are
the boss
.
The cat’s
in the garden
.
Verbs which may be used transitively or intransitively
282d
Few verbs must always be used intransitively, and many verbs can be used both
intransitively or transitively. Sometimes the meaning remains the same whether
the verb is used transitively or intransitively, but sometimes there is a change of
relationship between the verb and the subject.
ask
believe
blame
bring
buy
carry
catch
cut
describe
do
enjoy
expect
find
forgive
get
give
help
hold
keep
know
like
lose
love
make
mean
need
offer
produce
put
raise
receive
remember
say
see
suggest
take
use
want
watch
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Verb complementation | 505
No change in meaning
Some verbs may be used with or without an object with no change in meaning.
Such verbs include:
Examples of verbs with and without an object – same meaning
with object (in green)
without object
People make extra money by driving
taxis
.
You drive along here about two miles.
Can I help
you
?
How can I help?
All I need to do is win
the lottery
.
You can’t win all the time.
Change of subject-verb relationship
Some verbs may be used with or without an object, but the subject-verb
relationship is different in each case. Such verbs include:
When these verbs are used with an object, the subject is the agent (doer) of the
action. When they are used without an object, the action or event happens to the
subject.
Examples of verbs with and without an object – different meanings
with object (in green)
without object
subject (underlined) is agent of the action/event
the action/event happens to the subject (underlined)
We closed
the door
and they knocked later.
The door closed.
Sony has increased
overseas production
.
Worldwide sales have increased by 14%.
She walks
the dog
every morning.
He walks everywhere. I don’t think he can drive.
How do you work
this photocopier
?
The photocopier is not working.
OTHER INTRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
283
Pure intransitive constructions are those where there is a subject and no
requirement of any further elements. However, some intransitive constructions do
include information about subject-object relationships, or have parallel transitive
constructions with the same meaning.
These constructions include the pseudo-intransitive construction, reciprocal
verbs and reflexive verbs.
begin
change
close (down)
decrease
drop
increase
open
slam
turn
walk
work
approach
drink
drive
eat
enter
help
leave
pass
play
win
write
506 | Verb complementation
Cambridge Grammar of English
Pseudo-intransitive construction
283a
Verbs which are normally transitive also sometimes occur intransitively in clauses
where the subject is in reality the recipient of the action or event, and where the
agent is not mentioned. This type of intransitivity is called pseudo-intransitive.
Verbs used in this way include:
These verbs are typically complemented by adverb phrases or prepositional phrases:
This blouse hasn’t washed
very well
.
[The Independent is a newspaper]
Cusack said, ‘One other thing: ‘The Independent’ are carrying a shortened
version of the Choltitz profile of you, Prime Minister. It reads
very well indeed
.’
Jack Pritchards’ books sell
by the million
.
Sell also occurs with an object in this type of construction, usually referring to
number or quantity:
[referring to a pop music record]
It eventually sold
about 500,000 copies
so I got a silver disc.
Reciprocal verbs
283b
Reciprocal verbs such as divorce, meet, marry can have the same meaning as their
transitively constructed equivalents:
Frank and Diane met in 1979.
(compare the transitive equivalents: Frank met Diane in 1979./Diane met
Frank in 1979.)
Lily and Tom married after a brief courtship.
(compare: Lily married Tom … Tom married Lily …)
Reflexive construction
283c
A small number of verbs may be used intransitively or with a reflexive pronoun
object, though meaning changes occur when the verb is reflexive (
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