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Personal pronouns: subject and object forms



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Cambridge grammar of English

Personal pronouns: subject and object forms

subject


object

I

me

you (singular/plural)

you (singular/plural)

he, she, it, one

him, her, it, one

we

us

they

them

The subject forms of personal pronouns most typically act as the subject of a

clause:

met a cousin of mine.

We’re late again.

Û

198e for ‘anticipatory’ it

The object forms of personal pronouns most typically act as the object (direct and

indirect) or complement in a clause or as the complement of a preposition:

I invited them.

(direct object)



Give him the map.

(indirect object)



That’s her. She’s wearing the black beret.

(complement in a clause)



I left it to them.

(complement of a preposition)

Personal pronouns indicate person, number and gender. You is used for singular

and plural reference. Only hehimsheher express gender contrasts:



Personal pronouns: person, number and gender

subject


object

person


number

gender


I

me

first


singular

you

you

second


singular or plural

he

him

third


singular

masculine



she

her

third


singular

feminine


it

it

third


singular

one

one

always generic

always generic

we

us

first


plural

they

them

third


plural

376 | Pronouns

Cambridge Grammar of English



Personal pronouns are most typically used for backward (anaphoric) reference:

The manager

phoned me back. He was extremely apologetic.

Occasionally a personal pronoun may be used to refer forward (cataphorically).

Such uses are common in openings to written stories:

She was walking along a tree-lined suburban road, unaware of what was about

to befall her.

Gillian Dawson

had never been very aware of the people around her.

Û

123–139 Grammar across turns and sentences for further examples

Û

also


198d He/himshe/herthey/them

I/me


198b

and me refer to the speaker/writer:

[on the phone]



Hi Ken. It’s me, Bob. Can speak to Hilary?

(speaker)



In this paper, challenge the dominant understanding of autonomy as

‘individualism’.

(writer)


Û

147a versus we for the special academic generic use of I

You


198c

You does not distinguish between singular and plural reference, but, in context,

the reference is usually clear:



D’you want some more tea, Paul?

(singular reference)

[host to group of dinner guests]

Would you come to the table now please.

(plural reference)



You refers most frequently to the immediate addressee(s). But it can also refer

more generally to any potential listener(s) or reader(s). This is especially so in

advertising texts and public notices. You can also have generic reference (to

people in general, including the speaker/writer):



Would you all follow me please?

(listeners)

[slogan of the British National Lottery]

It could be you.

(any individual addressee could be a winner)



They do these throw-away cameras. They’re about £8. You can get a panoramic

one and you can get a sort of party one with a flash. And you can get an

underwater one.

(generic reference)




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