Cambridge Grammar of English Hardback with cd-rom a comprehensive Guide



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Cambridge grammar of English

Aren’t there many students taking that course?

(It seems there are a small number of students; please confirm.)

A: Did you not get much information from them?

B: No.

Negative interrogatives with a lot/lots typically seek to confirm the presence of a

large quantity of something:



Aren’t there lots of students taking that course?

(It seems there are a large number of students; please confirm.)

Note that, although much and many are restricted in the syntactic environments

in which they occur, a lot/lots are far less restricted.

A–Z

27 Bit, a bit (of); 50 Little, a little, few, a few

Û

539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms

Nouns and determiners | 373




Pronouns

Introduction

197


Personal pronouns

198


General 198a

I/me 198b

You 198c

He/himshe/herthey/them 198d

It 198e

One 198f

We/us 198g

They/them 198h

Personal pronouns and notions of correctness

199


Panel: Personal pronouns and spoken English

200


Possessive pronouns

201


General 201a

Possessive determiners 201b

Possessive pronouns 201c

Reflexive pronouns

202


Reciprocal pronouns

203


Relative pronouns

204


Interrogative pronouns

205


Demonstrative pronoun

s 206


Indefinite pronouns

207


Panel: -one, -body, -thing 207a

Whateverwhoeverwhichever

208


Substitute one

209


Empty it and existential there

210


Anticipatory it

211


Archaic forms

212



| 375

Pronouns


INTRODUCTION

197

Pronouns are a closed class of words. Pronouns may substitute for or stand for the

references to entities which full noun phrases make:

Your boxes of photos

have been delivered. They’re in the kitchen.

(used instead of repeating the noun phrase in green, to refer to the same thing)



Could you carry this for me?

(used to refer to people or things in the immediate situation: you, the listener;



me, the speaker; this, an object in the immediate environment)

Is there something wrong?

(reference to a general notion, potentially realised by several noun phrases)



They’ve got speed cameras everywhere these days so you’ve got to be careful.

(vague, general reference to groups of people or to everyone)

The interpretation of the meaning of individual pronouns depends heavily on the

context in which they occur.

Like nouns, pronouns can act as the heads of noun phrases and function

as subject, object or complement of the clause, or as the complement of a

preposition:


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