Cambridge Grammar of English Hardback with cd-rom a comprehensive Guide

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539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms

From utterance to discourse | 205

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From discourse to social contexts

Introduction

104

Pragmatic markers

105

Discourse markers

106

General characteristics 106a

Forms 106b

Typical functions 106c

Common spoken discourse 

markers

107

Discourse markers: organising the

discourse

108

Opening up and closing down 108a

Sequencing 108b

Topics: marking boundaries and 

linking segments 108c

Topics: focusing attention, diverting, 

shifting, resuming 108d

Monitoring the discourse

109

Reformulations 109a

Monitoring shared knowledge 109b

Discourse marking in responses

110

Stance markers

111

Hedges

112

Interjections

113

Swearing and taboo expressions

114

General 114a

Taboo naming expressions 114b

Taboo intensifiers 114c

Greetings and farewells

115

Vocatives

116

Types of vocative

117

Names and titles 117a

Terms of kinship and endearment 117b

General plural vocatives 117c

Impersonal vocatives 117d

Honorifics 117e

Discourse functions of vocatives

118

Summons 118a

Turn management 118b

Ritual and sociable contexts 118c

Softening and lessening threats to 

dignity 118d

Topic management 118e

Joking, banter 118f

Positions of the vocative 118g

Standard and non-standard spoken

grammar

119

General 119a

Common forms of spoken 

grammar 119b

Representing speech in writing

120

Speech into writing: the spoken-

written continuum

121

Informal writing 121a

Postcards and other short written 

messages 121b

Clauses and sentences in informal 

writing 121c

Advertisements and slogans 121d

New modes: internet discourse

122

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| 207

From discourse to social contexts