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So is not used before an adjective that is used attributively.
Such must be used
instead:
I took such nice photos in the park yesterday.
(I took so nice photos in the park yesterday.)
So is not used to modify noun phrases:
She is such a quiet girl.
(She is so a quiet girl.)
It took such a long time to get to Scotland.
(It took so long time to get to Scotland.)
And there were such tall buildings!
(And there were so tall buildings!)
Pro-form or substitute word so
71b
So is also used as a pro-form or substitute word. As a pro-form,
so occurs in
reduced clauses with modal and auxiliary verbs and copular verb be, to express
the meaning ‘also’ or ‘similarly, in the same way’. This use of so is followed by
inversion of the subject and verb:
Her luck ran out while she was away from home. So did his.
Ian’s a teacher, and so is his sister.
A: I’ve got loads of work to do though.
B: So have I.
A: Donald can stay at a local hotel.
B: Well, so can I if it’s inconvenient to stay at your place.
So is used as a clausal substitute after verbs such as assume, be afraid, believe,
hope, imagine, reckon, think:
A: Is Thomas coming to the meeting tomorrow?
B: I believe so.
A: Will you still be here next time I call?
B: I hope so!
(note that the opposite of so in this type of construction is not, e.g. I hope not.)
You’re very bright, Zoe. Everybody says so.
So they say,
so everybody says,
so they tell me,
so everybody tells me,
so I’m told,
so I gather/believe/understand and similar expressions indicate that the listener
has already been informed of something. They are common in responses. With
these verbs, so often precedes the verb:
A: It was the American who got the job.
B: Mm, so I understand.
142 | From word to grammar: an A–Z
Cambridge Grammar of English
Subordinator so
71c
As a subordinating conjunction,
so introduces clauses of result, consequence and
purpose. Purpose clauses may include an optional that:
I had nothing to eat at lunchtime so I’m very hungry now.
Let’s talk her into coming for her birthday so she won’t be alone.
(or: Let’s talk her into coming for her birthday so that she won’t be alone.)
So as and
so as not introduce non-finite
to-infinitive clauses of purpose, and
normally occur in more formal contexts. Often the ‘purpose’ is to avoid an
undesired consequence:
They decided to go ahead with the wedding, so as to avoid upsetting everyone.
He said he was busy, so as not to hurt her feelings.
Discourse marker so
71d
In spoken English the most common use of so is as a discourse marker. Typically,
it functions as a connecting or summarizing marker, usually in front position:
I said – Well have you booked me an ambulance. So she says – Oh I’ll put you
through to the ambulance department. They said that an ambulance had been
booked for me but it hadn’t.
[discussing whether to eat a pudding or keep it till the following morning]
A: I’m not having it cold in the morning. Oh.
B: Oh.
A: So what sort of pudding is it?
A: So, what are we going to do tonight?
B: Well, I’d like to stay at home. I’ve loads to do.
Right, so, let’s get going. Let’s say goodbye to everyone.
With yes-no questions it is often an appeal for confirmation: ‘am I right in
thinking that …?’:
[discussing a complaint letter written by speaker A]
A: It just isn’t right.
B: Mm. So did you feel that the points that you made in your original letter
were all covered in this reply?
A: Oh yes. I think they’ve answered me very well indeed.
A: Things have changed then.
B: They have certainly changed.
A: Okay. So you can’t really remember your parents having any sort of
ambitions for you or even for themselves?
B: No.
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