Encyclopedia of Islam



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Encyclopedia of  Islam

935

  Death of al-Ashari, Sunni theologian, in Bagh-



dad.

939

  Twelfth Imam enters Greater Occultation accord-



ing to Twelve-Imam Shii doctrine.

941

  Death of al-Maturidi, Sunni theologian, in 



Samarqand.

950

  Death of the philosopher al-Farabi.



951

  Qarmati Shiis return the Black Stone to the 



Kaaba.

969

  Beginning of Fatimid Ismaili Caliphate in Egypt; 



Cairo founded.

970

  Fatimids found Al-Azhar mosque-university in 



Cairo.

997–1030

  Reign of Mahmud of Ghazna, who raids north-



west India (Punjab, 1001–21) and puts the con-

quered territories under Islamic authority in the 

name of the Abbasid caliph.

1021

  The Fatimid caliph al-Hakim disappears/dies; 



Druze religion begins.

1037

  Death of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), philosopher and 



physician.

1062

  Almoravids conquer Morocco.



1064

  Death of Ibn Hazm, Andalusian jurist and 



scholar.

1067

  Nizam al-Mulk founds the Nizamiyya, a Shafii 



college, in Baghdad.

1071

  Battle of Manzikert, a decisive defeat of Byzan-



tine armies by Seljuq Turks.

1086

  Almoravids conquer Andalusia.



1091

  Normans recapture Sicily and end Muslim rule 



there.

1096

  Pope Urban II launches the First Crusade to 



conquer Jerusalem.

1099

  Crusaders capture Jerusalem, ending the First 



Crusade.

1111

  Death of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, philosopher 



and theologian.

1145

  Almohad dynasty establishes foothold in Anda-



lusia.

  Pope launches Second Crusade.





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