Encyclopedia of Islam
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- Encyclopedia of Islam
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arabesque xxi, 50, 50–51
84, 159, 245, 292, 293 Arabian religions, pre-Islamic
Arabic language and literature xxxi, xxxviiic, 53–55, 54t African languages and literatures 18 alphabet 39 Arab 49 Baqli, Ruzbihan 91 biography 102–103 Biruni, Abu Rayhan al- 106–107 Brethren of Purity 115–116 calligraphy 127 coffee 154 education 208, 209 Europe 219 holy books 308 Jerusalem 394 Shaarawi, Huda al- 613
Umayyad Caliphate 687 Arab-Israeli conflicts xlvic,
Arab-Israeli War (1967) Arab-Israeli conflicts 56 Egypt 212 Israel 380, 382 Lebanon 442 Muslim Brotherhood 507 Orientalism 537 Palestine 543 renewal and reform movements 598 Arab-Israeli War (1973) 56, 234, 382, 533, 534, 597 Arab League xlvic, 57, 382, 407, 534, 544 Arab Socialist Baath Party. See Baath Party Arafat 57–58, 282, 466 Arafat, Yasir xlviiic, 58–59, 382, 383, 508, 538, 543–545 archaeology 59–60 architecture xxi, 60, 60–61, 61 Baghdad 84 Bukhara 117 Dome of the Rock 201 garden 256 houses 311–313 Husayniyya 320–321 Iraq 368 Mecca 468 minaret 474–475 Seljuk dynasty 611 Aristotle 225, 292, 336–338, 417, 501, 536 Arkoun, Muhammad 61–62, 315, 656
Armenians xlvc, 62–63 art 50–51, 63–65, 64, 201 asceticism xxvi, 65–66 Ashari School 66–67 fate 228 Ghazali, Abu Hamid al- 261 Hasan al-Basri, al- 294 holy books 308 Ibadiyya 323 Ibn Rushd, Muhammad 337 Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad 340 Mutazili School 512 Shafii Legal School 617
theology 668 Ashura 67–68 calendar 124 Fatima 231
holidays 306 Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib 319 Husayniyya 320, 321 India 350 Iranian Revolution (1978– 1979) 366 Karbala 423 Muharram 498 Shiism 624 Twelve-Imam Shiism 680 Assassins 68, 232, 238 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal xlvc, 68–69, 69 caliph 125 caliphate 126 cinema 146 comic strips and comic books 159 Gülen, Fethullah 268 holidays 306 Iran 363 Iranian Revolution (1978– 1979) 365 Istanbul 384 Khilafat Movement 433 Ottoman dynasty 539 Qadiri Sufi Order 564 renewal and reform movements 587 Reza Shah Pahlavi 591 RP 582 Turkey 674 Aurangzeb xliiic, 69–70, 183, 353, 403, 489–490, 629 Australia xxvii, 70–71 authority 71–75, 72t autobiography 75–76, 91, 334, 338
Averroës. See Ibn Rushd, Muhammad
Avicenna. See Ibn Sina, Abu Ali al-Husayn Awami League 76–77, 88
ayatollah xlviiic, 78, 435, 500 Ayodhya 78–79, 358 Azad, Abu al-Kalam 79, 93, 655 al-Azhar xlc, 79–80, 80 Banna, Hasan al- 88–89 education 210 Egypt 211 Husayni, Muhammad Amin al- 317
madrasa 446, 447 student 634 university 696
Baath Party 81–82 Baghdad 84 comic strips and comic books 159 Gulf Wars 276 Husayn, Saddam 315–317 Iraq 370, 371 Muslim Brotherhood 508 Shiism 627 Syria 649 Babism 82–83, 85 Badawi, Ahmad al- 83, 306 Baghdad xxxi, xxxviiic, xlic, 83–85 Abbasid Caliphate 1, 2 arabesque 51 Bahai Faith 85 books and bookmaking 113 cities 150 Farabi, Abu Nasr al- 224 food and drink 249 Hallaj, al-Husayn ibn Mansur al- 285 Hanbali Legal School 288 harem 292 Harun al-Rashid 293 Iraq 369 Medina 470 paradise 547 Bahai Faith xlivc, 82, 85–86, 109, 626
Bakr, Abu caliph 125 Emigrants 213 Hijra 299 Jaafar al-Sadiq 386 Naqshbandi Sufi Order 517 Twelve-Imam Shiism 677 Umar ibn al-Khattab 685 Uthman ibn Affan 700 Bamba, Ahmadu 86, 502 Bangladesh xxv, xxvii, xlviic, 76–77, 86–88, 104, 542, 561 Banna, Hasan al- xlvc, xlvic,
Abduh, Muhammad 6 Egypt 212 Ghannoushi, Rashid al- 259 Muslim Brotherhood 506, 507 Qutb, Sayyid 576 renewal and reform movements 588 baqa and fana 89–91, 194, 549, 629
Baqli, Ruzbihan 91, 458, 529, 591
baraka 40, 91–92, 423, 548, 558, 707, 722 Barelwi, Sayyid Ahmad 87,
Basmachi 93–94 basmala 94, 198, 199, 221, 515, 605
batin 94–95, 377 95–96 bazaar 96–98, 97, 164, 303 Bedouin 98–99 Badawi, Ahmad al- 83 folklore 245 food and drink 249 Hagar 281 Hijra 299 houses 311–312 Ismaili Shiism 377 Jordan 405 justice 416 Wahhabism 705–706 Bektashi Sufi Order xlivc, 99–100, 390, 717 Berbers xxvii, xxxviiic, 100 Algeria 31–32 Almohad dynasty 36, 37 Almoravid dynasty 37 Cordoba 168 Ibn Khaldun, Abd al- Rahman 334 Morocco 481 West Africa 709 Bible Abraham 9 Adam and Eve 12 archaeology 59 creation 171 David 184–185 faith 223 holy books 308 Moses 482, 483 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 520 Navruz 525 Quran 570 bidaa 86, 101, 176, 645 Bilal 101–102, 474 bin Laden, Usama. See Usama bin Ladin biography 102–104, 116, 332–333, 491 birth control and family planning 7, 104, 104–105, 388 birth rites 105–106 K 734 Encyclopedia of Islam Biruni, Abu Rayhan al- 106– 107, 300–301 Bistami, Abu Yazid al- 90, 107–108, 529, 640, 663 Black Muslims. See Nation of Islam Black Stone xxxvix, xlc, 108 Ismaili Shiism 377 Kaaba 419, 420 Mecca 468 Muhammad 492 paradise 546 sunna 644 umra 691 Zamzam 718 blasphemy 107, 108–109, 285 blood 109–110, 424 boat 110, 110–111 Bohra 111, 260, 378, 379 books and bookmaking 111–
Bosnia and Herzegovena 114– 115, 585 Brethren of Purity 115–116, 338 Buddhism and Islam xxiv, 116–117 Afghanistan 16 Hijra 298 holy books 309 Ibrahim ibn Adham 341 Indonesia 358 Kashmir 426 Malaysia 451–453 Nepal 526 Shiism 623 Sufism 639 Bukhara 93–94, 117, 659 Bumiputra 117–118 Buraq, al- 118, 118, 310, 528 burqa 119, 561 Byzantine Empire 166, 218, 293, 384, 393, 441, 539, 648
Cairo 120–124, 121m, 122 bazaar 96 books and bookmaking 112, 113 colonialism 157 Fatimid dynasty 231 Ismaili Shiism 378 minaret 474 Takfir wa’l-Hijra 657 calendar xxv, xxxv, 124–125 caliph xxvi, xxxi, 125–126 caliphate 126–127. See also
calligraphy 64, 127, 207, 574, 619 camel 128, 284 Camp David accords 128–129, 212, 597
Canada 129–131, 236, 375, 377, 509–510 cat 131–132 cemetery 122, 132, 132–134 Central Asia and the Caucasus xxvii, 117, 134–135 Chechnya 135, 135–136, 499, 619
children 136, 136–138 birth control and family planning 104 birth rites 105–106 Crusades 175 education 207 harem 292 Ibn Sina, Abu Ali al-Husayn 339 Id al-Adha 342 Id al-Fitr 343 student 634 women 712 China 138, 161, 330 Chiragh Ali 139 Chishti Sufi Order 139–141, 140 Afghanistan 15 Hinduism and Islam 301 India 353 Khan, Inayat 430 Nizam al-Din Awliya 530 Persian language and literature 551 qawwali 568 Sufi Movement 637 Sufi Order International 637
Christianity and Islam xxiv, xxvii, xxxi, xliic, 141–144, 143 Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani 4 Abraham 9 Adam and Eve 12 ahl al-bayt 23 Ahmadiyya 24 Ahmad Khan, (Sir) Sayyid 25 Akbar 27 Algeria 31 Allah 34 Almohad dynasty 37 Andalusia 41, 42 anthropomorphism 45 Antichrist 46 anti-Semitism 46 Arabian religions, pre- Islamic 52, 53 Arabic language and literature 53 Armenians 63 Ashura 67 blasphemy 108 Bosnia and Herzegovena 114, 115
Cairo 122 cemetery 132 circumcision 149 Copts and the Coptic Church 166 Cordoba 168 covenant 170 Crusades 175–176 daawa 178 David 185 dhimmi 194, 195 dialogue 196–197 dietary laws 198 Dome of the Rock 202 faith 223 Hijra 298 holy books 306–309 Jerusalem 391, 393 Jesus 396–397 John the Baptist 404 kafir 421 Latin America 439 madrasa 446 Malaysia 452, 453 mawlid 465 Mohammedanism 477 moon 479 Morocco 481 Moses 482 Mudejar 486–487 Muhammad 492, 493 New Zealand 528 Night of Destiny 529
revelation 589 saint 599 Saladin 600 Satan 603 secularism 610–611 Shiism 623 soul and spirit 631 Sudan 636 Sufism 639 Sunnism 647 Syria 648 West Africa 709–710 cinema 144–149, 145, 260, 650 circumcision 83, 106, 149–150 cities 96, 150–152, 312 citizenship 152, 403 civil society 152–153, 191 coffee xxi, 154–155, 155 colonialism xxxii, 155–158 comic strips and comic books
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