and composition CZTS has attracted high quality attention. The huge
range of interest is because of its viable use as absorber layer in pho-
tovoltaics as a result of numerous bene
fits. CZTS has a high absorption
coe
fficient, of the order of 10
4
cm
–1
, with a band gap between 1.45 eV
and 1.6 eV which facilitates in high conversion e
fficiencies
[21,98]
. The
photovoltaics manufactured with some of these methods have dis-
tinctive performance because the composition of CZTS thin
film become
quite special and besides many secondary phases which includes ZnS
have been present. In order to remit those secondary phases, thermal
treatment at exclusive temperatures both in inert or reactive atmo-
sphere is performed. Thermal treatment was also carried out to govern
the crystallinity of the deposit, because a number of above cited man-
ufacture techniques produce either amorphous or nanocrystalline CZTS
based
film
[99]
(
Figs. 7
and
8
).
A new synthetic approach became employed to obtain a CZTS based
totally absorbing layer the usage of a quaternary compound target
which has comparable properties to that of copper indium gallium se-
lenide (CIGS). A traditional R-F magnetron sputtering device turned
into used to manufacture the CZTS based absorber layers on the glass
substrates. The
films have been hastily thermally annealed at 500 °C in
a nitrogen atmosphere for 20 min to enhance their crystallinity. The
formation of the kesterite shape changed into con
firmed usage of X-ray
di
ffraction measurements (XRD). The stepped forward crystallinity of
the CZTS changed into determined with (112) oriented phase. The band
gap of deposited and annealed
films turned into discovered to be
1.97 eV and 1.55 eV respectively
[100]
. Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis is
the deposition approach, wherein the solution is atomizing ultra-
sonically, thereby giving a
fine mist having a narrow length distribution
which may be used for the uniform coatings on substrates. An Ultra-
sonic Spray Pyrolysis system turned into evolved and CZTS based ab-
sorber layers had been e
fficaciously grown with this approach on soda
lime glass (SLG) substrates usage of aqueous solutions. Substrate tem-
peratures ranging from 523 K to 723 K had been used to deposit the
CZTS based layers and these
films have been characterized using
scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray di
ffraction measurements
(XRD). It changed into located that the
film crystallized in the kesterite
Fig. 4. Schematic representation of CZTS/Si based solar cell with characteristics results a) device structure, b) SEM image, c) conductivity and d) resistance-
temperature characteristics. (Source - https://www.intechopen.com/books/solar-cells-research-and-application-perspectives/cu2znsns4-thin-
film-solar-cells-pre-
sent-status-and-future-prospects).
Fig. 5. Schematic representation and SEM image of CZTS/ZnO based solar cell, a) device characteristics and b) SEM image of the device.
(source -)
M. Ravindiran, C. Praveenkumar
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 94 (2018) 317–329
324
shape and best crystallites have been received at 613 K. It was found
that the grain length step by step elevated with temperature having
optical band gap of 1.54 eV
[101,102]
(
Fig. 4
).
The CZTS based absorbing layers have been grown copper-wealthy,
requiring a KCN etch step to dispose the excess of copper sul
fide. The
compositional ratios as determined through the energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDX) after the KCN etch are Cu/(ZnþSn): 1.0 and Zn/Sn:
1.0. A photovoltaic with the performance of 4.1% and an open-circuit
voltage of 541 mV became acquired
[103]
. Copper (Cu)-based qua-
ternary kesterite compounds CZTS, CZTSe, and blended chalcogenide
Cu
2
ZnSn (SxSe1-x)
4
(CZTSSe) have emerged as the capability oppor-
tunity to current CIGS and CdTe absorbers in thin
film based photo-
voltaic. CZTS (Se) is an appealing preference for thin
film based pho-
tovoltaic absorber fabric owing to tunable direct band gap of 1.0
–1.5 eV
with a huge optical absorption coe
fficient (> 10
4
cm
−1
) and p-type
conductivity
[104]
.
Among numerous deposition strategies, electrodeposition is one of
the promising techniques for making CZTS based absorber
films be-
cause of its low-fee equipment's, huge scale production and morphology
[105]
.
4.5. CZTS on perovskite based solar cell
Perovskite based photovoltaic is a kind of photovoltaic that's in the
form of perovskite based structured. First invented perovskite com-
pound is oxide perovskite (CaTiO
3
) in the year of 1839. This oxide
perovskite was available in nature. And then perovskite-based materials
mostly used as a light absorbing layer of the photovoltaic device.
Because it is the grater solar absorbent compound. Compared to fab-
rication of perovskite based photovoltaic device is easier than tradi-
tional silicon based photovoltaic. Since silicon-based device fabrication
involves more precision and cost due to the defects during the fabri-
cation process, alternative materials and device structures were ana-
lyzed. Perovskite based photovoltaic device fabrication is an alternative
approach which may not need a high precision sophisticated equip-
ment's and also very economical to fabricate.
[106,107]
. Quantum dots
were used with the perovskite layers to improve the e
fficiency of the
solar cells. CsPbCl
3
:Mn quantum dots were synthesized for boosting and
improving the stability of the perovskite solar cells. CsPbCl
3
:Mn layer is
used to downshift the energy which converts the wasted energy in the
UV region to visible light of approximately 590 nm. Hence the overall
e
fficiency of the cell is improved to 3.34%
[108]
.
In general lead halide perovskite-based compounds are combination
of organic and inorganic substances. It has a general formula of ABX
3
,
where A, B denoted as cations and X denoted as halide anions. The lead
halide based perovskite compounds mostly act as a light absorbent of
the photovoltaic device. The frequently using perovskite compound is
methylammonium
lead
halide
have
a
chemical
formula
of
CH
3
NH
3
PbX
3
. it will be like a ABX
3
Structure, Where X is a halide anion
(iodine, bromine). The lead halide is fabricated from the easily avail-
able sources in nature like carbon (C), nitrogen (N), lead (Pb), halides.
These perovskite substances having speci
fic optical properties, elec-
trical conductivity properties. The band gap of lead halide perovskite
structure is between the range of 1.55
–2.3 eV. The band gap of lead
halide perovskite structure depends upon how much amount of halide
contains in the compounds. If vary the halide content in the compounds
vice versa vary the band gap range into between 1.55 eV and 2.3 eV
[109,110]
.
Fig. 6. CZTS solar cell on Molybdenum(Mo) foil, a) device structure, b) SEM image of device and c) absorbance. (source - https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/
2011/801292/Fig. 3/).
Fig. 7.
– Crystal lattice of the methylammonium lead halide (CH
3
NH
3
PbX
3
) per-
ovskite structure. (source - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell).
M. Ravindiran, C. Praveenkumar
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