O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o`rta maxsus ta`lim vazirligi

Malyus qonuni. 
Yorug`likning qutblanish qonunini tekshirish uchun 
poyarizatorlardan foydalaniladi. Bu o`rinda ular analizatorlar deb ataladi.
Ikkita polyarizator olamiz. Ularning biriga (P polyarizatorga) tabiiy 
yorug`lik tushirsak, u yorug`likni yassi qutblab beradi (7-rasm). Bu yassi 
qutblangan yorug`lik intensivligini I
0
deb belgilaymiz. Endi ana shu yassi 
qutblangan yorug`lik yo`liga A analizatorni shunday qo`yamizki, uning O
1
O`
1
optik o`qi P polyarizatorning OO` o`qi bilan φ burchak tashkil qilsin (7b-rasm). U 
holda analizatordan tebranish amplitudasi E= E
0
cos φ bo`lgan yorug`lik to`lqini 
o`tadi. Demak, A analizatordan o`tayotgan yorug`lik intensivligi

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61 
 
7-rasm 
(11) 
ifoda bilan aniqlanadi. Bu (11) munosabat 
Malyus qonuni
deb yuritiladi. Bizga 
ma`lumki, 
, bunda I
tab
- polyarizatorga tushayotga tabiiy yorug`lik 
intensivligi. U holda polyarizator hamda analizator orqali o`tgan yorug`lik 
intensivligi quyidagiga teng bo`ladi: 
(12) 
Maksimal intensuvlik 
ga teng bo`lib, u φ=0 da (polyarizator 
analizatorlarning optic o`qlari o`zaro parallel bo`lganda ) hosil bo`ladi. φ=π/2 
bo`lganda intensivlik nolga teng bo`ladi, ya`ni analizatordan yorug`lik o`tmaydi. 
Boshqa hollarda I intensivlik φ burchak kattaligiga bog`liq ravishda o`zgarib 
boradi.
Malyus qonunini tekshirish
. Eksperimental qurilmaning prinsipial
sxemasi 8-rasmda keltirilgan. Bunda Ф - yoritkich lampa (fonar), D -
diafragma, P -polarizator, A - analizator, ФЭ - fotoelement, G - galvanometmi 
bildirib, ularning hammasi reyterlar yordamida ОТ optik taglikka o ‘matiladi.
P polarizator va A analizator doira shaklida yasalgan va maxsus halqa
ko‘rinishidagi asbobga o ‘rnatilgan polaroidlardan iborat. Analizator o 
‘matilgan halqaning gardishiga graduslarda darajalangan shkala yopishtirilgan.
Analizatomi aylantirib, halqadagi shkaladan analizatoming polarizatorga
nisbatan burilish burhagini o ‘lchash mumkin. 
8-rasm. 

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62 
Ishni bajarish tartibi 
1.
Yoritgich lampa tok manbaiga ulanadi. 
2.
Polaroid optic o`qlari o`zaro parallel bo`lgan holatda joylahtiriladi va 
polyarizatorning shu holati saqlanadi. 
3.
Analizatorni burib, φ burchakning 0
o
, 10
o
, 20
o
, …., 90
o
qiymatlarida i
φ
fototok qiymatlari yozib olinadi. 
4.
Analizatorni teskari yo`nalishda burib, φ burchakning 90
o
, 80
o
, 70
o
, …., 
0
o
qiymatlari uchun 
qiymatlari yozib olinadi.
5.
O’lchash natijalaridan foydalanib, φ ning ma`lum qiymati uchun 
fototokning
o`rtacha qiymati va
nisbat hisoblanadi. 
6.
Natijlar jadvalga yoziladi. 
7.
Jadvaldan foydalanib, 
bog`lanish grafigi chiziladi, bu 
ifodaga kirgan I
0
va I
φ
lar polaroidlar optic o`qlarining orasidagi burchak 
mos ravishda 0
o
(o`qlari o`aro parallel) va φ ga teng bo`lganda 
fotoelementga tushgan tushgan yorug`lik intensivligini bildiradi. 
Shu chizmaning o`zida 
funksiya grafigi ham chiziladi. Ikkala 
(eksperimental va nazariy) olingan egri chiziqlarni solishtirib, tajribada 
qo`llanilgan polaroidlar Malyus qonunini qanchalik qanoatlantirilishi haqida 
fikr yuritiladi. 

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65 
MUNDARIJA 
Laboratoriya ishlarini bajarish jarayonida talabalarga qo‘yiladigan talablar……. 
3 
O‘lchash natijalarini ishlab chiqish. Xatoliklarning elementar nazariyasi. 
Sistematik va tasodifiy xatoliklar…………………………………………………… 
5 
1-laboratoriya ishi. Ignalar yordamida yassi parallel shisha plastinkaning nur sindirish 
ko’rsatkichini aniqlash.……………………................................................................ 
11 
2-laboratoriya ishi. Difraktsion panjara yordamida yorug`lik to`lqinining uzunligini 
aniqlash.
………………………………………………..……………………………. 
16 
3-laboratoriya ishi. 
Linzaning egrilik radiusini Nyuton (o`tgan to`lqinlar uchun) halqasi 
yordamida aniqlash
……………………………………………………………………. 
22 
4-laboratoriya ishi.
Yorug‘likning suyuqlikda yutilishini aniqlash
……..………………... 
32 
5-laboratoriya ishi. 
Bug‘ va gazlarning nurlanish spektrlarini o‘rganish…
……………….. 
45 
6-laboratoriya ishi. Yorug’likning qutblanish darajasini aniqlash. Malyus qonunini 
o’ragish
……………………………………………………………….
…. 
56