O’zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va O’rta Maxsus Ta’lim Vazirligi Samarqand Davlat Chet tillar Instituti Roman-German tillari fakulteti Ismoilova Ma’mura Mikromatnda o’rin holi va uning deyktik hodisalarini qiyosiy sintaksem tadqiqi

2.1.Lokativ adessiv semaning ifodalanishi

Tilshunoslikda ayrim olimlarning fikricha lokativ adessiv semani' sobstvenno-lokativnыy" yoki oddiygina "lokativnoy" deb atashadi[17,15].Ammo ushbu atama umumiy ma’noni ifodalab, qanday makonga bo’lgan

munosabatni ifodalashi ravon emas. Lokativ semaning boshqa variantlari lokativ allativ, lokativ ablativ, lokativ translativ, lokativ possessiv kabilar aniq farqlanadi. Shuning uchun ham ushbu bo’limda makon munosabatlarini ifodalovchi elementlarni lokativ adessiv atamasi bilan nomlasagina aniqroq tasavvurga ega bo’lish mumkin.

O.S.Axmanovaning "Slovar lingvisticheskix terminov" lug’atida "adessiv" quyidagicha ta’riflanadi: "... kategorialnaya forma padeja, ukazivayushaaya na mestonaxojdenie, prinadlejnost, orudie deystviya''

Ayrim monografik ishlarda ham "lokativ adessiv" atamasidan foydalanilgan Aniqroq qilib aytganda lokativ adessiv sintaksemani ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar shaxs, narsa-predmetni makonda joylashganligi, joylashishi,o’sha makondan o’rin olishi hamda ish- harakatining o’sha makonda ro’yobga chiqishini ifodalaydi.

Ammo, M.YU.Maskin lokativ sintaksemani kategorial differentsial sintaktik-semantik belgilardan kvalifikativlik doirasida qarab, lokativ sintaksemaning boshqa variantlari esa tadqiqotchining e’tiboridan chetda qoladi. U faqat kvalifikativ lokativ sintaksemani substansial lokativ sintaksemaga aylantirishi bilan cheklanadi. Masalan: 1. You have a beach cottage (Wenspear). 2. ... the boring sameness of army life was pleasant (Gusack). Mazkur misollarda beach, army sintaktik birliklar kvalifikativ lokativ sintaksemani ifodalasa, o’rin almashtirish transformatsiya natijasida ular substansial lokativ sintaksemaga aylanadi:

(1) ... you have a beach cottage —> you have a cottage on the beach.

(2) ... the boring sameness of army life was pleasant —» the boring sameness of life in the army was pleasant [39,43]. Ammo, transformatsiyaning hosilasidan nafaqat lokativ sintaksema, lokativlik doirasida adessivlik ham mujassamlashgan. Chunki, predlogli ot birikmalarni (on the beach, in the army) predlogsiz adverbial there/here lar bilan almashtirish mumkin:

(1) ... you have a beach cottage —> you have a cottage here/there.

We were almost opposite the hotel now (ENFA, 183)

11. near + S:

A man lived near a famous college (STAN, 38)

12. behind + S:

I flew behind a tree (STAN, 91)

13. inside + S:

Inside the train we were all standing in the corridor when the train started (EHFA, 113)

14. on the other side of + S:

There was something alive on the other side of the door (WSM, 190)

15. between + S:

The door was closed between this room and the next (WSM, 192)

16. round + S:

They began to run madly round the room (WSM, 42)

O’zbek tilida lokativ adessiv sema otga o’rin-payt kelishigi qo’shimchasi qo’shilishi hamda adverbial elementlarga ham -da markeri yordamida ifodalanadi. Lokativ adessiv sema asosan "ish-harakatning bajarilish o’rnini yoki predmet hamda shaxsning o’rnini bildiradi" [36] Ammo, shuni qayd etish joizki, o’zbek tili misolida otga yoki adverbial elementlarga o’rin-payt kelishigining qo’shimchasi-da faqat lokativ adessiv sintaksemani ifodalamasdan, temporal sintaksemani ham ifodalaydi: U maktabda o’qiydi. U yozda dam oladi. Ularni, ya’ni lokativ adessiv sintaksemani "maktabda" elementini adverbial elementlar "u yerda", "bu yerda" kabilar bilan almashtirish imkoniyati bo’lsa, temporal sintaksemani ifodalagan "yozda" sintaktik birlikni "u paytda", "bu paytda" birliklar bilan almashtirish natijasida ularni bir-biridan farqlash mumkin, lokativ adessiv sintaksema qayd qilganimizdek, harakat, holat ro’y berish o’rnini anglatsa, temporallik esa harakat yoki holatning ro’y berish vaktini bildiradi [16]

(2) ... the boring sameness of army life was pleasant —> the boring sameness of life here/there was pleasant.

Lokativ semalarni gap qurilmasida tahlil qilishda, yuqorida qayd qilganimizdek, ushbu semani ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklarning gapdagi o’rni, uning differentsial sintaktik belgisini sintaktik aloqalardan subordinativ aloqa asosida aniqlanadi.

Ingliz tili misolida lokativ adessiv semaning ifodalanishi turli xil predloglarning ot bilan birikib kelishi yordamida o’z aksini topadi:

1. at+ S:

We spent two very pleasant days at Oxford (JKJ, 176)

2. in + S:

I dropped off the train in Milan (EHFA, 169)

3. on + S:

We had decided to sleep on board (JKJ, 86)

4. across + S:

Susie heard Dr. Porhoit slip his hand across the river (WSM, 184)

5. over + S:

The old man was leaning over the chair (JKJ, 25)

6. under + S:

This will keep you safe under the water (STAN, 30)

7. by + S:

At Abingdon the river passes by the streets (JKJ, 133)

8. in the middle of + S yoki in the centre of + S: I was just in the middle of a set (WSM, 166) You stand in the centre of the deck (JKJ, 15)

9. in front of + S:

This card will be given you at 3 o'clock tomorrow in front of Westminister Abbey (WSM, 60).

10. opposite + S:

o’zbek tili misolida lokativ adessiv semalar quyidagicha ifodalanadi:

1. S + da:

Endi cherkovda toat-ibodat etasan! (TMO, 19)

2. S + oldida:

Bolalar oldida sir boy bermadim (SHOZ, 114)

3. S + lar + da:

Brigadir majlislarda ishtirok etadi (TMM, 112)

4. S + orasida:

Har qator orasida bittadan o’qsimon panja qo’ydim (RBAD, 110)

5. S + chetida:

Tandir chetida cho’nqayib o’tirdim (pKJOT, 108)

6. S + ichida:

Bir g’o’zam jo’ya ichida bo’ldi (TMO, 103)

7. S + ketida:

Shiypon ketida iyak-chakkasini ro’moli bilan o’rab turdi (TMM, 101)

8. S + ostida:

Ayolimiz qayrag’och ostida beshikka suyanib yig’ladi (OYOKD, 98)

9. S + betida:

Yer betida qolmish sho’rni so’rib olaberdi (ADK, 77)

10. S + boshida:

Men dorilangan dala boshida oyoq ilaman (TMO, 73)

11. S + qoshida:

O’choq qoshida chuk tushib o’t yoqaman (SHT, 67)

12. S + bag’rida:

Shlyapali odam xirmon bag’rida yonboshlaydi (RBAD, 57)

13. S + uchida:

G’o’za uchida paxtani qo’shqo’llab ushlayman (SHOZ, 60)

14.S + yoqasida:

Jigitlarimga daryo yoqasida ag’nab yotinglar dedim (SHT, 40)

15.S + bo’yida:

Shu daryocha bo’yida oyoq iladi (PYUK,T, 38)

16.S + taraflarda:

Anovi Xisor taraflarda turk odamlari itday izg’ib yuribdi (RBAD, 45)

17.S + tevaragida:

G’o’za tevaragida aylanib, tolani tortib oladi (ADK, 159)

18.S + o’rtasida:

Qanotlari o’rtasida 2 qo’ngir dog’ bo’ldi (PK,YUT, 147)

19.S + adog’ida:

Shoirlar o’qariq adog’ida oyoq ildi (TMO, 163)

20. S + chetida:

Katta yo’l chetida tashlab ketdi (SHT, 161)

21. S + to’rida:

Ayolimiz mexmonxona to’rida yotdi (RBAD, 139)

Umuman olganda ingliz va o’zbek tillarida lokativ adessiv semalarning ifodalanishida bir-biriga mos keladigan tomonlari quyidagilardan iborat:

5) |S + (ning) oldida/yonida

in front of +S

by/near + S
6) S + (ning) qarshisida - against/opposite + S

7) |S + (ning) atrofida - around + S

8) |S + (ning) ichida - in /inside + S

9) |S + (ning) o’rtasida - in the middle of + S

10) |S + (ning) orasida - among + S

Differentsial sintaktik-semantik belgilardan lokativ adessiv semalarning ifodalanishi qardosh bo’lmagan tillar tizimida turli- tumanligini ko’rib chiqdik.

Ingliz tilida lokativ adessiv semalarni ifodalanishi predloglar in, on, at, about, across, over, under, at the buttom of, behind, on the other side of, by, near, in front of, against, opposite, around, among va otning bosh kelishik shaklida beriladi. O’zbek tilida otga - da qo’shimchasi qo’shilishi yordamida hamda S + o’rin ravishlaridan ustida, ostida, tagida, orqasida, oldida, yonida, qarshisida, atrofida, ichida, tevaragida, o’rtasida, orasida kabilar yordamida ifodalanadi. Shu borada qayd etish joizki, o’zbek tilida lokativ adessiv semani ifodalash bilan birgalikda ba’zan posessivlik (egalilik) semasini ham ifodalaydi.

Masalan:

1. Dalalarimda ilon ko’rdim (TMO, 165)

2.Xo’jaligimizda 3 mingdan ziyod xonadon bor (TMO, 204). Ushbu misollarda lokativlik doirasida adessiv hamda possessivlikning mavjudligini quyidagi eksperiment metodlari asosida isbotlash mumkin, adessiv sintaksemani aniqlashda dalalarimda va xo’jaligimizda sintaktik birliklarni u yerda, bu yerda, o’sha yerda kabi adverbial elementlar bilan almashtirish mumkin: Dalalarimda ilon ko’rdim —> u yerda ilon ko’rdim; Xo’jaligimizda 3 mingdan ziyod xonadon bor —> u yerda 3 mingdan ziyod xonadon bor. Possessivlik esa lokativlikni ifodalagan sintaktik birliklarga egalik ko’shimchalari - im, - imiz yordamida ifodalangan, undan tashqari transformatsiya nominalizatsiyaga ham tushadi:

Dalalarimda ilon ko’rdim —> dalalarimning iloni;

Xo’jaligimizda 3 mingdan ziyod xonadon bor - xo’jaligimizning ... xonadonlari.

Bunday xolat ingliz tiliga xos emas. Undan tashqari lokativ adessiv semalarni ingliz tilida predlog + S yordamida ifodalangan misollarni adverbial elementlar there, here, o’zbek tilida ham u yerda, shu yerda birliklar bilan almashtirish transformatsiyasi yordamida isbotlanadi.

Ingliz tili misolida lokativ adessiv semalar tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, subordinativ aloqa asosida quyidagi semalar bilan bog’lanishi mumkin:

1. ob’ekt sema bilan:

Ne makes a job at the pand (DThJG, 27)

2. possessiv sema bilan:

She had worked industriously at Colarossi's Academy (WSM, 18)

3. temporal sema bilan:

He had already spent morning at the Hotel Dieu (WSM, 13)

4. kvalitativlik yuklatilgan substansial sema bilan:

But at the operating table Arthur was different (WSM, 14)

5. aksional sema bilan:

Who had just stopped at the inn, came to the door of the room (JLME, 167)

6. substansial ob’ekt sema bilan:

The hotels at shiplake and Henley would be crammed (JKJ, 141)

7. aksional ob’ekt sema bilan:

Harris wanted to get out at Hampton Church (JKJ, 63)

8. ekzistensial sema bilan:

I don't believe he is at the bank (JKJ, 66)

9. sotsiativ sema bilan:

He invited her to lunch with him at a restaurant (CDFS, 127)

10. aksional deriktiv sema bilan:

She was seated at the roval table (STA, 61)

11. lokativ allativ sema bilan:

Ne had come to the shore at dawn (STA, 29)

12. stativ sema bilan:

You shall live at the palace (EVG, 25)

13. modal stativ sema bilan:

They were to sleep in the same room (MYST, 94)

14. identifikatsiyalantiruvchi sema bilan: They are monuments in Bisham Church (JKJ, 121)

O’zbek tilida lokativ adessiv sema gap qurilmasida tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, quyidagi semalar bilan subordinativ aloqa asosida birikishi mumkin:

1. aksional sema bilan:

Men oyna oldida shlyapa kiyib ko’rdim (RBAD, 126)

2. kvantitativ sema bilan:

Bozorda bir kilo go’sht to’kkiz so’m (TMM, 123) Kolxozda arizaboz ko’p (SHOZ, 124)

3. negativ ekzistensial sema bilan [88]: Ayolimiz joyida bo’lmadi (PqYUT, 139)

4. ekzistensial sema bilan:

Yo’llarda siyrak toklar bo’ldi (ADK, 148)

5. stativ sema bilan:

Tunda tolshoxda uxlaydi (ADK, 150)

6. kvalitativ sema bilan:

Anxor bo’yida "oq oltin" terish naqadar gashtli (OYOKD, 167).

Ayrim tadqiqotchilar lokativ elementlarni tadqiq etishda gap qurilmasida hokim komponent sifatida kesim o’rnida kelgan fe’llarning leksik ma’nosidan, ya’ni ularning statik yoki dinamikligidan kelib chiqadi. Lekin lokativ munosabatlarni so’z birikmalari, gap tarkibida bunday qarash bir tomonlama bo’lib, lokativ sintaksemalarni har tomonlama, uning distributiv imkoniyatlarini hamda uning barcha variantlarini to’liq ochib beraolmasligi mumkin. Shuni ham tan olish o’rinliki, fe’llarning leksik ma’nosi muhim rol o’ynamaydigan gap emas. Fe’llarning leksik ma’nosi ham lokativlik sintaksemalarni aniqlashda asosiy rollardan birini o’ynaydi.

Ingliz va o’zbek tillari misolida yig’ilgan faktik materialning guvohlik berishicha, lokativ adessiv sintaksema gap qurilmasida turlicha leksik-semantik guruhga kiruvchi fe’llar doirasida namoyon bo’ladi. Bunday fe’llarni "... vse te glagolы, kotorыe oboznachayut i vыrajayut polojenie agensa v opredelennoy tochke prostranstve, vozmojno,nazыvat "lokativnыmi glagolami", mogut sochetatsya po svoey prirode s lokativnoy adessivnoy sintaksemoy"[83]

Bunday fe’llar be - bo’lmoq, have - ega bo’lmoq, to sit down – o’tirmoq, put – qo’ymoq, lie - yotmoq, sleep - uxlamoq, live - yashamoq, carry - tashimoq, work - ishlamoq va hokazolar. Bundan tashqari, lokativ adessiv sintaksema insonning aqliy faoliyatini ifodalovchi fe’llarga tobe bo’lishi mumkin: study - o’qimoq, taqsil olmoq, think - o’ylamoq, write - yozmoq, become - bo’lmoq, understand - tushunmoq, believe - ishonmoq, play - o’ynamoq, discuss - muxokama qilmoq, fikrlashmoq va boshqalar. Bulardan tashqari xulq-atvorni hamda nutq faoliyatini ifodalovchi fe’llardan keyin lokativ adessiv sintaksema ifodalanadi. Ushbu fe’llar asosida lokativ adessiv sintaksemaning barcha variantlarini aniqlash mumkin. Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida lokativ adessiv semalar gap qurilmasida harakatning bajarish yoki bajarmaslik o’rnini anglatadi. Bunday holda ingliz tilida otlarning predloglar bilan yoki predlogsiz bo’lishi ham mumkin. Undan tashqari: o’rinni ifodalovchi predlogsiz adverbial elementlar orqali namoyon bo’lsa, o’zbek tilida otlarga o’rin kelishigi qo’shimchasi - da qo’shilishi bilan yoki ot va o’rin kelishigi qo’shimchasini olgan ravishlar yordamida o’z ifodasini topadi. Lokativ adessiv semalar har ikkala tilda ham tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, subordinativ aloqa asosida qanday semalar bilan bog’lanish imkoniyatlarini yuqorida keltirilgan misollar asosida quyidagi jadvalda izoxlash mumkin.

Jadval 1

Ingliz tilida O’zbek tilida

Jadvallarda berilgan semalarning izohi:

SbLcAd - substansial lokativ adessiv;

SbOb - substansial ob’ekt;

Sbld2 - substansial identifikatsiyalovchi;

Ps - posessiv;

Tsh - temporal;

Qlt - kvalitativ;

As - aksional;

AcOb - aksional ob’ekt;

Ex - ekzistensial;

AcDr - aksional deriktiv;

LcAl - lokativ allativ;

St - stativ;

MdSt - modal stativ;

Qun - kvantitativ;
NgEx - negativ ekzistensial.