O’zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va O’rta Maxsus Ta’lim Vazirligi Samarqand Davlat Chet tillar Instituti Roman-German tillari fakulteti Ismoilova Ma’mura Mikromatnda o’rin holi va uning deyktik hodisalarini qiyosiy sintaksem tadqiqi

2.2. Lokativ allativ semaning ifodalanishi

Agar lokativ adessiv sema shaxsni, predmetni o’rnini, joyini yoki makonini ko’rsatsa, lokativ allativ sema esa shaxs yoki predmetning ish- harakatini makonga yo’naltirilishini eksilatsit yoki implitsit tarzda ifodalashi mumkin. Bu borada L.N. Badanina substansial lokativ allativ semani aniqlashda faqat for+S konstruksiyasini ingliz tili gap qurilmasida Jack ran for the train qurilmadagi for the train lokativ allativ semani ifodalaydi. Uning isboti for+train birikmasini adverbial elementlardan there bilan almashtirish mumkin. Jack ran for the train —» Jack ran there. Undan tashqari ushbu gap qurilmasidagi for predlogini in the direction of birikmasi bilan ham almashtirish mumkin [15,11].

Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida lokativ allativ semalarni ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar gap qurilmasida tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, subordinativ aloqa asosida fe’llarga bog’lanib keladi. Bu fe’llar asosan ob’ektga yo’naltirilgan ish harakatini ifodalovchi elementlardan tashkil topgan. Ayrim tilshunoslar bunday fe’llarni tus kategoriyasining ma’no ottenkalarini ifodalaydi deb ta’kidlaydi Masalan, terminativlikni ifodalovchi harakat fe’llar (to leave, to depart, to move, to enter, to go in, to go into, to come in, to fall down, to arrive, to rise, to climb, to go upstairs, to mount, to go aboard va boshqalar), davomiylikni ifodalovchi harakat fe’llar (to walk, to go to, to march, to make.one's way, to run, to fly, to go by va boshqalar).

Umuman olganda ingliz tilida lokativ allativ semalar quyidagicha ifodalanadi.

(1) to+ S:

I came to the Thames (JKJ, 149)

(2) for + S:

He left for Mecca (STAN, 71)

(3) in + S:

I put it in my pocket (DThJG, 9)

(4) on + S:

They put heavy things on top (JLME, 38)

(5) into + S:

We went into the parlour (ELVG, 166)

(6) over + to + S:

I went over to Paris (CDFS, 148)

(7) at + S:

Susie s£t at the open window (WSM, 173)

(8) by + S:

We left the boat by the bridge (JKJ, 30)

(9) in front of+S:

Haddo put it in front of the horned viper (WSM, 48)

(10) towards + S:

We were walking towards the river (ASWN, 141)

11. against + S:

He leaned against the wall and stared at them (BSP, 80)

12. S:

They reached St.Albans (JKJ, 110)

I sent him home (STA, 83)

13. o’rin ravishlari yordamida:

George rushed downstairs (JKJ, 99)

We went upstairs (CDFS, 47)

O’zbek tilida lokativ allativ semani ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklarga jo’nalish kelishigi qo’shimchalari - ga, - ga, - ka kabilar qo’shilishi yordamida ifodalanadi. "U qo’shilib kelgan ot ham fe’l tomonidan boshqarilgan bo’lib, shu fe’ldan anglashilgan harakat qaratilgan predmetni ifoda etadi" [36,]. Umuman olganda lokativ allativ sema harakat, holat yo’naltirilgan o’rinni anglatadi. Agarda lokativ allativ semani ifodalovchi elementlar faqat ot bilan ifodalanganda, unga jo’nalish kelishigi qo’shimchalari qo’shilishi bilan beriladi. Ot bilan ravishlardan ustiga, tagiga, ostiga, qarshisiga, o’rtasiga, orqasiga, teppasiga, yoniga, tomonga, tarafga kabilar yordamida berilganda, lokativlikni ifodalovchi otlar bosh kelishikda berilishi mumkin.

O’zbek tilshunoslarining ta’kidlashicha " ... ba’zi hollarda otlarga jo’nalish kelishigi qo’shilmasdan ham harakat, holat yunaltirilgan o’rinni bildiradi. Xo’jayin Samarkandga borsa, to’gri biznikiga borib tushar edi (Oybek). Undan tashqari ichkari, tashqari, nari, beri kabi ravishlar harakat, holat yunaltirilgan o’rinni bildirganda, jo’nalish kelishigi formasini olmasligi mumkin. Bulardagi - kari, - qari, - ri (ru) elementlari tarixan jo’nalish kelishigi ko’rsatkichi deb qaraladi. Shuning uchun ular jo’nalish kelishigi qo’shimchasi olmagan holda ham harakat, holat yo’naltirilgan o’rinni bildira oladi. Biroq hozirgi o’zbek tilida bu so’zlarni jo’nalish kelishigi formasida ishlatish ham anormal hol hisoblanadi. U ichkari (ga)kirdi. Men tashqari (ga) chiqdim." [66, 55].

Yig’ilgan faktik misollar asosida o’zbek tili gap qurilmasida lokativ allativ sema quyidagicha ifodalanadi:

1. S+ ra:

2. Shu ketishida oshxonaga boribdi (RBAD, 173)

a. S + qa:

3. Ana shu o’rindikka borib o’tirib to’ring (TMO, 172)

a. S + ka:

4. Oqposho tovuqlarni katakka quvib kirgizdi (TMO, 114)

a. S + oldiga:

5. Shiypon oldiga kelib to’xtadi (PK,YUT, 169)

a. S + ostiga:

6. Oziq moddalar g’o’zalar ostiga tushdi (SHOZ, 132)

a. S + ketiga/orqasiga:

7. Bolalar ketiga qul bekitdi (SHT, 198)

a. S + ustiga:

8. Taxta ustiga chigit yoydim (ADK, 80)

a. S + tarafga:

9. Bobomiz birdan soy tarafga chopadi (TMO, 24)

a. S + boshiga:

10. Ariq yoqalab suv boshiga bordim (TЩOT, 132)

a. S + o’ngiga:

11. Oqposho mumin-mazlumni yo’l o’ngiga haydab o’tadi (TMO, 16)

12. S + ichiga:

U xona ichiga kirib oldi (ADK, 148)

Yuqorida keltirilgan misollardan tashqari quyidagi ravishlar orqali lokativ allativ semalar ifodalanadi (ichkari, oldiga, tarafga): Zabt bilan ichkari jo’nadim (TMM, 182) Ziyod direktorimiz oldiga boradi (OYOKD, 68)

Boshing oqqan tarafga qoch (TMO, 24)

O’zbek tili misolida lokativ allativ semani ifodalovchi otlar jo’nalish kelishigi qo’shimchasi bilan birga egalik qo’shimchasi yordamida berilib, lokativ allativ semaga qo’shimcha possessivlik semani ham ifodalaydi:

Dalalarimga sudrama arava soldim (TMO, 94). Bunday qo’rinish ingliz tiliga xos emas.

Yuqorida qayd qilingan ingliz va o’zbek tillari misollaridan ma’lumki, lokativ allativ semalarning variantlari juda ko’p, lekin shuni ham qayd qilish joizki, o’zbek tilida otga - ga, - ka, - qa junalish kelishigi qo’shimchalari yordamida yoki ingliz tilida to + S, for + S, in + S, on + S, into + S, over + to + S, at + S, by + S, in front of + S, against + S hamda har ikkala tillarda ish harakatining yo’naltirilganini ifodalovchi ravishlar here - bu yokka, shu yerga, there - usha joyga, near - yoniga, behind - orqasiga, outside - tashqariga, upstairs - yuqoriga, inside - ichgariga, backward - orqa tomoniga, southword - janub tomonga, homeward - uy tomonga, ashore - qirg’oqqa, around - tevaragiga, atrofiga, below - pastga, under - ostiga, tagiga, thither – o’sha yoqqa, o’sha tomonga, downstairs - pastga, hither - bu yoqqa, whither - allaqayoqqa, o’sha tomonga, back - orqaga, out - tashqariga, in - ichiga kabilar yordamida ifodalanadi.

Ammo yuqorida qayd etilgan o’rin ravishlari va o’zbek tilida jo’nalish kelishik qo’shimchasini olgan otlar va ingliz tilida o’rnini ifodalovchi otning predlogli birikmalar har doim ham lokativ allativ semalarni ifodalamaydi.

Masalan: My birthday fell on Sunday - Tug’ilgan kunim yakshanbaga to’g’ri keldi.

Bu gaplarda on Sunday, yakshanbaga sintaktik birliklar junalish kelishigi kushimchasi yoki on + S birikmalari lokativ allativ sintaktik- semantik belgini ifodalamaydi. Ularda substansiallik kategorial sintaktik-semantik belgi asosida nokategorial belgilardan temporallik semasi mujassamlashgan. Uni isbotlash uchun eksperiment metodidan foydalanamiz, ya’ni substansial elementlarni (on Sunday, yakshanbaga) adverbial birliklar bilan almashtirish transformatsiyasidan foydalanamiz.

Ushbu temporallik haqida Ch.J. Fillomore va V.N. Petrashning diqqatga sazovor fikrlari mavjud: "Gap qurilmasida "predlog + ot" bilan ifodalangan substansial temporal semalarni boshqa semalardan farqlashda "then" payt holini ifodalovchi ravish bilan almashtirish transformatsiyasi yoki "when" so’roq olmoshi yordamida transformatsiya interrogatsiyaga aylantirish [81,53]

Demak, yuqorida keltirilgan misollar quyidagi transformatsiyaga tug’ri keladi:

My birthday fell on Sunday —> My birthday fell then yoki —> My birthday fell on Sunday —> when did your birthday fall? Tug’ilgan kunim yakshanba kuniga to’g’ri keldi —» tug’ilgan kunim shu paytga to’g’ri keldi yoki tug’ilgan kunim yakshanbaga to’g’ri keldi —» qachonga tug’ilgan kuning to’g’ri keldi?

Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida lokativ allativ semalarni temporal semalardan yoki lokativ adessiv semalardan farqlashda ingliz tilidagi predlog + S, o’zbek tilidagi S + ga larni otdan tashqarisini in the deriction of - tomonga almashtirish usuli bilan isbotlanadi. Ya’ni gap qurilmasida kesim o’rnida kelgan harakatni ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklarni ingliz tilida to (boshqalari ham) in the deriction of birikmalari bilan almashtirilsa, o’zbek tilida "tomon" ravishiga jo’nalish kelishigining morfologik ko’rsatkichi - ga ni qo’shish bilan yoki where, kaerga surok olmoshlari yordamida transformatsiya interrogatsiyaga aylantirish usuli bilan aniqlash mumkin:

1. We went to Datchet (JKJ, 115)

2. SHu kecha uyingga borma (TMO, 34)

Yuqorida ta’kidlaganimizdek, berilgan misollar quyidagi transformatsiyalarga tushadi:

1. We went to Datchet —> we went in the deriction of Datchet —» where did you go? yoki We went there.

2. Shu kecha uyingga borma —> SHu kecha uying tomonga borma —> shu kecha qayerga bormaysan? —SHu kecha u yerga borma.

Shu o’rinda qayd etish joizki, in the deriction of Datchet, uying tomonga qo’shilganda ish harakati ko’rsatilgan manzilda sodir bo’lmasligi mumkin.

Ammo ushbu birikmalar in the deriction of Datchet, uying tomonga birikmalari lokativ allativ semalarni ifodalaydi. Shu borada o’zbek tili misolida lokativ allativ bilan birga possessivlikni ham ifodalaydi.

Tahlil qilingan misollarning guvohlik berishicha, lokativ allativ semani ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar ingliz tili gap qurilmasida subordinativ aloqa asosida bog’lanib, tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, quyidagi semalar bilan bog’lanadi: Ingliz tili misolida:

1.protsessual aksional deriktiv sema bilan:

I was called to bar (DThJG, 71)

2.protsessual aksional sema bilan:

They would go down to Kent (MYST,110)

3.protsessual aksional kontinuativ sema bilan:

Ne was going to Kingston (JKJ, 47)

4.protsessual aksional modal sema bilan:

You can go to the door (WSM, 169)

5.kvalifikativ kvalitativ sema bilan:

We went back into the high road (JLME,114)

6.protsessual aksional rezultativ sema bilan:

His hat has dropped into the water (ELVG, 81)

7.substansial posessiv sema bilan:

Ne had put into George's hand (JKJ, 80)

8.substansial ob’ekt sema bilan:

Ne threw them into the canal (DThJG, 351)

9.protsessual aksional ob’ekt sema bilan:

He decided to climb into the park (WSM, 154)

10.stativlik yuklatilgan ob’ekt sema bilan:Ne saw the sleeping figure under the tree (STA, 55)

11.protsessual aksional negativ sema bilan:

Ne didn’t put up at the public-house (CDFS,49)

12. protsessual modal stativ sema bilan:

I should like to live at Hampton Court (JLME, 55)

O’zbek tili materialida lokativ allativ sema ham gap qurilmasida tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, subordinativ aloqa asosida quyidagi sintaksemalar bilan bog’lanishi mumkin:

1.protsessual aksional sema bilan: Bolangiz frontga ketayapti (PYUKX 47)

2.protsessual aksional negativ sema bilan: Qishlog’imizga o’ris zotini yonashtirmayman (TMO, 34)

3.substansial ob’ekt sema bilan:

Barabanlar ketiga havo yutkich moslama o’rnatib paxta teraman (TMM,217)

4.protsessual stativ sema bilan:

Ro’moli suvga uchib borib tushibdi (TMO, 188)

5.stativ xortativ [118] sema bilan: Oyoq ostiga yotib ol (ADK, 223)

6.ksional xortativ sema bilan: Do’ppingizni osmonga otsangiz-chi (RBAD, 154)

7.substansial identifikatsiyalovchi sema bilan: Biz shaxringizga musofirmiz (ADK, 162)

Yuqorida lokativ allativ semaning subordinativ aloqa asosida qanday semalar bilan bog’lanish imkoniyatlarini quyidagicha izoxlash mumkin:


Jadvallarda berilgan semalarning izoxi:

RgAs - protsessual aksional;

PrAcMd - protsessual aksional modal;

PrAcDr - protsessual aksional deriktiv (yo’naltirilgan);

RgAsSp - protsessual aksional kontinuativ (davomiylik);

PrAcNg - protsessual aksional negativ;

PrMdSt - protsessual modal stativ;

PrAcRs - protsessual aksional rezultativ;

RgAsO - protsessual aksional ob’ekt;

SbPs - substansial posessiv;

SbOb - substansial ob’ekt;

ObSt - stativlik yuklatilgan ob’ekt;

PrSt - protsessual stativ;

Sbld2 - substansial identifikatsiyalovchi;

AsNg - aksional xortativ (buyruq);

StHr - stativ xortativ.

o’zbek tilida
Ingliz tilida

Jadval 2 Uzbek tilida

Umuman olganda lokativ ablativ semaning ingliz ifodalanishi turlicha predloglarning ot bilan birikib kelishi yordamida ifodalansa, o’zbek tilida juda kam usuli mavjud.
1. o’zbek tilidagi S + ga ingliz tilida quyidagicha ifodalanadi:

to + S

above + S

2. Undan tashqari o’zbek tilida otga ravish birikib kelishi ham quyidagicha:

S + ustiga —> on + S;

S + tagiga —> under + S;

S + qarshisiga —> opposite + S;

S + o’rtasiga —»in the middle of + S;

S + orqasiga —> behind + S;

S + yoniga —» near + S, by + S, beside + S;

S + tomonga —in the deriction of + S;

3. Xap ikkala tillarda lokativ allativ semalarning adverbial variantlari mos keladi.