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Exercrise 3
Jokes, Laughs, Smiles
How to Raise Children
- Daddy, do you think Mother knows how to raise children? - What makes you ask that? - Well, she makes me go to bed when I'm wide awake and she makes me get up when I am awfully sleepy!
to raise [reiz] - зд. воспитывать
daddy - папа
I'm wide awake - мне совершенно не хочется спать
awfully sleepy - ужасно сонный
REFERENCES
CATFORD, J.C. (1969), A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
EUGEN A., NIDA and CHARLES R., TABER. (1974), The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: United Bible Societies by E.J. Birill.
NEWMARK, P. (1982), Approaches to Translation. Oxford/ New York/- Toronto: Pergamon Press. PRUNÇ, E. (2005)
Lesson 3
Working with cognitive meaning of words in translation
Plan:
What is cognitive translation?
Translatability and Untranslatability
Practicing exercrises
Keywords: Social services, social protection, vulnerable citizens, UN Secretary
What is cognitive translation?
Cognitively, translation process involves the same major steps: decode the source communication, convert/recode it into the target language, produce target-language communication
Translation is not merely changing a word to another word. It is much more complex activity that every translator works through. Simply, translation means to render a text written in one language into another language. The transference of information should be accurate, acceptable, and readable enough to represent the original document in the target language. Translators will typically read or skim the parts of the text to get a feel for the content before translating the text. Translators also may note the key concepts and terminologies that will need to be researched. According to Wilss (1982:3), translation is a transferring process which aims at the transformation of a written Source Language (SL) into an optimally equivalent Target Language (TL), and which requires the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the source text. Syntactic understanding is related to style and meaning. Understanding of semantics is meaning related activity. Finally, pragmatic understanding is related to the message or implication of a sentence. This definition does not states what is transferred. Rather, it states the requirement of the process. Furthermore, Nida and Taber (1982:12) see translating as a process of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. In other words, translation is a transfer of meaning, message, and style from one SL to the TL. In the order of priority, style is put the last. Here the things to reproduce (transfer) is stated, message.
In addition, translation is defined as the process of transferring the idea or information from SL to TL. In this case, we can see a sample from teaching process in a class. A teacher will explain his idea to the students with transferring the material of the lessons using language that can be understood by them. Moreover, in wider meaning, translation is the process of transferring the meaning of idea, verbally and non-verbally from one language to another. The TL reader‟s response to the translation work has to be the same with the SL reader‟s response to the original text itself. Actually, the response of the SL and the TL reader‟s will never be identical because the difference in both readers (cultural and historical settings)
Culture consists in patterned ways of thinking, feeling and reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. It means that culture has secrets values that only understood by groups of society.
As to the notion of culture, according to Tylor, “culture…is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and many other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” His definition almost covers every aspect of human‟s life and has been the basis of most modern anthropological conceptions of culture. Newmark (1988:94), from the perspective of a linguist, defines culture as “the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression”, thus implies that different language groups have diverse culturally specific features which are unique to each group. Translation activity across languages therefore inevitably involves the contact, collision, assimilation or rejection of cultures, as Hervey and Higgins put that “translating involves not just two languages, but a transfer from one whole culture to another.” “Differences between cultures cause many more severe complications for the translator than do differences in language structure” (Nida, 2004:157). In this case, the translator will find out some Source Text (ST) that are difficult to translate to the Target Text (TT) and actually the translator must be understand well about the related meaning from the ST itself, this phenomenon calls Untranslatability. However, the phenomena of untranslatability cannot be avoided on the other hand. According to Newmark (2001:7), translation is an attempted practice to replace a written or verbal message in one language by the same written or verbal message in another language, involving some kind of loss of meaning, owning to various factors. In this situation, the more meaning is lost, the less translatable it will be; the less meaning is lost, the more translatable it will be. A lot of scholars believe that there are many non-substitutable elements existing in different languages, such as its cultural tradition, social customs, emotion, and some unique words and syntactic structure, whose equivalent elements cannot be found in another language. Usually, the factors resulting in the problem of untranslatability are roughly classified into linguistic obstructions and cultural obstructions. In this sense, the loss of meaning is inevitable during the process of translation, so the absolute “faithfulness” is just an ideal that is hard to achieve, and language is untranslatable to some extent. From the above discussion we can see that untranslatability is to witness the limit of translatability. The majority of the texts should be translatable with only a little untranslatable part. It means that translatability and untranslatability has a close relationship. They are just like the two sides of one coin, contrary but coexisting and correlated, which can thus be unified and even converted along with the development of languages and the increasing intercultural communication.
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