Kislota katalizatorligidagi nukleofil birikish
C
C
=
=
O
O
R
R
R
R
′
′
C
C
=
=
O
O
+
+
H
H
R
R
R
R
′
′
:Z
H
+
R
′
′
–
–
C
C
R
OH
Z
δ
+
R
′
′
–
–
C
C
R
OH
Z
+
= C – O:
..
..
O
O
=
=
C
C
R
R
R
R
′
′
reagent
(trigonal tuzilishga ega)
Z:
R
′
′
–
–
C
C
R
O
Z
δ
–
R
′
′
–
–
C
C
R
O
–
–
Z
H
2
O
R
′
′
–
–
C
C
R
OH
Z
o’tish holati
(tetraedrik shakilga)
qisman manfiy zaryad
kislorod atomida
reaksiya maxsuloti
(tetraedrik
t
t
u
u
z
z
i
i
l
l
i
i
s
s
h
h)
manfiy zaryad
kislorod atomi
295
ALSDEGID VA KETONLARNING REAKSIYALARI
1. Oksidlanishi
a) Aldegidlar
RCHO yoki ArCHO
Ag(NH
3
)
3
+
KMnO
4
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
RCOOH yoki ArCOOH
Aldegidlarni tahlil
qilishda foydalaniladi
NAMUNA:
CH
3
CHO + 2Ag(NH
3
)
2
+ 3OH
–
+
CH
3
COO
–
+ 2Ag + 4NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
pangsiz eritma
kumush ko’zgu
TOLLENS NAMUNASI
a) Metil ketonlar
RC – CH
3
O
yoki
ArC – CH
3
O
OX
–
RC – O
–
O
yoki
ArC – O
–
+ CH
3
X
O
GALLAFORM REAKSIYASI
NAMUNALAR:
C
2
H
5
C – CH
3
+ 3 OJ
–
O
C
2
H
5
C –O
–
+ 3 CH
3
J + 2OH
–
O
yodoform, sariq
rangli, t
suyuq.
119
o
S
CH
3
C = CHCCH
3
O
CH
3
KOCl
60
o
S
CHCl
3
+ CH
3
C = CHCOK
O
CH
3
H
2
SO
4
60
o
S
CH
3
C = CHCOH
O
CH
3
mezitil oksidi
(4-metil-3-penten-2-on)
3-metil-2-buten kislota
2. Qaytarish
a) Spirtlargacha qaytarish
C = O
C = O
H
2
+ Ni, Pt yoki Pd
LiAlH
4
yoki NaBH
4
, so’ngra H
+
C
C
H
OH
NAMUNALAR:
O
H
2
+ Ni
H
OH
siklopentanon
siklopentanol
– C – CH
3
O
LiAlH
4
H+
– C – CH
3
OH
H
asetafenon
α
-fenil-etil spirti
296
b) Uglevodorodlargacha qaytarish
C = O
C = O
Zn (Hg), kons. HCl
NH
2
NH
2
, asos
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
KLEMMENSEN BO’YICHA:
ASOSLARGA BEQAROR BIRIKMALAR UCHUN
KIJNER-VUlF BO’YICHA:
KISLOTALARGA BEQAROR BIRIKMALAR UCHUN
NAMUNALAR:
– CCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
O
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COCl
AlCl
3
Zn (Hg), kons. HCl
– CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
O
H
2
+ Ni
H
H
siklopentanon
siklopentan
n-butirofenon
n-butilbenzol
v) Pinakonlargacha qaytarish (glikollar mavzusiga qarang).
g) Aminlash – qaytarish (ushbu usul aminlar mavzusida batavsil o’rsaniladi)
R
R
–
–
C = O + NH
C = O + NH
3
3
H
R
R
–
–
C = NH
C = NH
H
H
2
, Ni
R
R
–
–
C
C
–
–
NH
NH
2
2
H
H
R
R
–
–
C = O + NH
C = O + NH
3
3
R
R
R
–
–
C = NH
C = NH
R
H
2
, Ni
R
R
–
–
C
C
–
–
NH
NH
2
2
R
H
3. Grinyar reaktivining birikishi
–
–
C = O
C = O + RMgX
–
–
C
C
–
–
OMgX
OMgX
R
297
4. Sianid-ionni birikishi
–
–
C = O
C = O + CN
–
–
–
C
C
–
–
CN
CN
OH
NAMUNALAR:
H
+
siangidrin
CH
CH
3
3
–
–
C = O
C = O + NaCN [H
2
O]
H
H
2
SO
4
CH
CH
3
3
–
–
C
C
–
–
CN
CN
H
OH
H
2
O, HCl
CH
CH
3
3
–
–
C
C
–
–
COOH
COOH
H
OH
asetaldegid siangidrini
asetaldegid
sut kislota
(
α
-oksipropion kislota)
– C – H
O
benzaldegid
NaHSO
3
– C – SO
3
Na
H
OH
+
–
NaCN
– C – CN
dolchin kislota nitrili
H
OH
H
2
O, HCl
– C – COOH
H
OH
dolchin kislota
CH
CH
3
3
–
–
C = O
C = O + NaCN [H
2
O]
CH
3
H
2
SO
4
CH
CH
3
3
–
–
C
C
–
–
CN
CN
CH
3
OH
H
2
O, HCl
CH
CH
3
3
–
–
C
C
–
–
COOH
COOH
H
OH
aseton siangidrin
CH
CH
2
2
= C
= C
–
–
COOH
COOH
H
metakril kislota
t
5. Bisulfitning birikishi
–
–
C = O
C = O + Na
+
HSO
4
–
–
C
C
–
–
SO
SO
3
3
Na
Na
OH
–
bisulfitning birikishidan
hosil bo’luvch addukt
KARBONILLI BIRIKMALARNI TOZALASH
UCHUN AOYDALANILFDI, TARMOQLANGAN
KETONLAR UCHUN QO’LLAB BO’LMAYDI
aseton
NAMUNALAR:
– C – H
O
benzaldegid
+ NaHSO
3
– C – SO
3
Na
H
OH
+
–
H+ yoki OH
–
– CHO
CH
CH
3
3
CH
CH
2
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