Of the republic of uzbekistan termiz state university faculty of foreign philology

Comparison with other Germanic languages[edit]

Many English modals have cognates in other Germanic languages, albeit with different meanings in some cases. Unlike the English modals, however, these verbs are not generally defective; they can inflect, and have forms such as infinitives, participles and future tenses (for example using the auxiliary werden in German). Examples of such cognates include:

• 
  In German: mögen, müssen, können, sollen, wollen; cognates of may, must, can, shall, and will. Although German shares five modal verbs with English, their meanings are often quite different. Mögen does not mean "to be allowed" but "may" as epistemic modal and "to like" as a normal verb followed by a noun. It can be followed by an infinitive with the meaning of "to have a desire to". Wollen means "will" only in the sense of "to want to" and is not used to form the future tense, for which werden is used instead. Müssen, können, and sollen are used similarly as English "must", "can", and "shall". Note, however, that the negation of müssen is a literal one in German, not an inverse one as in English. This is to say that German ich muss ("I must") means "I need to", and ich muss nicht (literally the same as "I must not") accordingly means "I don't need to." In English, "to have to" behaves the same way, whereas English "must" expresses an interdiction when negated. brauchen (need) is sometimes used like a modal verb, especially negated (Er braucht nicht kommen. "He need not come.").
  
• 
  In Dutch: mogen, moeten, kunnen, zullen, willen; cognates of may, must, can, shall, and will.
  
• 
  In Danish: måtte, kunne, ville, skulle, cognates of may/must, can, will, shall. They generally have the same corresponding meanings in English, with the exception of ville, which usually means "to want to" (but which can also mean "will").
  
• 
  In Swedish: må (past tense: måtte), måsta, kunna, vilja, ska(ll), cognates of may/might, must, can, will, shall. They generally have the same corresponding meanings in English, with the exception of vilja, which means "to want to".
  

Let us look at each modal verb in turn:

1. Will

This verb is used when the certainty that something will be done is to be communicated.

I will pay my student fees.

When the modal verb ‘will’ is used, that means that the action is certain to take place.

2. Would

The modal verb ‘would’ indicates a condition. It is possible that the action will take place, but another condition has to be met. The phrase including the modal verb will be followed by a connective such as ‘if’.

I would pay my student fees if I had the money in my account.

‘Would’ is used in the past tense.

3. Should and Ought to

When the modal verbs ‘should’ or ‘ought to’ are used it indicates that there is a requirement to carry out an action, but it has yet been completed. There could be many reasons why that obligation has not been enacted. Usually, a phrase, clause or sentence will explain why the action has not yet been completed. The connective ‘but’ often links the clauses.

I should pay my fees, but I have not gotten around to doing it.

The slight difference between the two modal verbs is that ‘ought to’ implies slightly less of an obligation than ‘should’.

I ought to go to the bank to pay my fees, but I have a bad cold.

4. Could

‘Could’ is a modal verb that indicates the ability is there to complete an action. However, the implication is offered that there is a reason for not having done what is required.

I could pay my fees. I have chosen not to.

This is a powerful verb and is often used to imply a problem.

5. May

This is a modal verb which has a double purpose. It indicates the permission to do something. It also shows that there is the possibility that something may happen.

When used to give permission it will often appear in a simple clause, sentence or phrase.

You may pay my fees on my behalf

As we have seen, the verb can also be used to show the possibility that something will happen.

My fees may be paid.

In this sense, the verb is interchangeable with might, although it implies a stronger likelihood of something happening.

‘May’ cannot be used as a verb in the past tense.

6. Can

This model verb demonstrates the ability to undertake an action.

My fees are overdue. I can pay them on Monday.

‘Can’ cannot be used as a model verb in the past tense. The word states that something will happen, rather than has happened.

7. Shall

This verb shows that something will happen. However, a condition is often implied. Often the connective ‘when’ is used to connect clauses if ‘shall’ is the form of the verb used.

I shall pay my fees as soon as my funds clear.

8. Must

The modal verb ‘must’ says that something will definitely be done, or happen. It is a stronger word than will, implying that the action to take place is extremely important.

I must pay my fees, or I will not be allowed to attend lectures.

9. Might

This modal verb implies the possibility of something. When ‘might’ is used, the outcome is in the balance. The implication is that something could happen, or perhaps it will not.

I might pay my fees.

Often there is a hidden implication that there is a reason why the action will not take place.  Sometimes, that reason will be made explicit.