2.2 A Changing Dynamic
Up to the most recent decades, the division between developing and developed
countries—mostly those nations which had undergone an industrial revolution and
possessed a certain amount of geopolitical power—was relatively clear and simple
to understand. That world has changed so much it has become almost
unrecognizable—developing nations are now able to move quickly through industrial
changes, often bypassing steps in technological revolutions. Now, the global
marketplace is full of traditional developed countries, emerging economies,
multinational corporations and specific sector powerhouses. Believing in an
unchanging dichotomy between developed and developing seems outdated, ignoring
the major changes brought about by technology, innovation, and globalization.
Therefore, forecasting future jobs is necessarily a difficult act. The dynamics change
so quickly, and since no two nations face the same circumstances and challenges,
observations in one region may prove untrue in others. While this paper focuses on
the jobs of the future, there are some larger caveats to state.
Across the world, different emerging economies face different challenges, from
integration into the global economy to developing specific economic sectors. In
many agrarian countries, the types of jobs created will not be wage-paying, as they
will typically remain focused on agriculture through family farms and household
enterprises. A focus on increasing productivity and creating the conditions for
sustainable development is important in these nations, but they are unlikely to reap
the benefits of innovation and development, nor be the incubators of future job skills.
Therefore, while we acknowledge that agriculture does have the potential to absorb
large portions of the unemployed population, this report does not focus solely on
rural farm jobs as the
ne-plus-ultra
to solve the world’s employment crisis. This
report rather posits that the agricultural sector can be modernized in many agrarian
societies to absorb youth unemployment, increase domestic production, and
participate more fully in the global marketplace. As well, jobs “off the farm” will
often determine the success and improvement in non-wage farm jobs, as improved
systems for farm-to-market delivery increase both domestic and international
demand, thereby creating better working conditions for those agricultural workers
(World Bank, 2013). This report is not ignoring the trajectory of agrarian societies,
but simply focused on the current state of innovation and job creation that is likely
to be found in rapidly developing nations.
Many of the emerging economies which this report recognizes as incubators of future
jobs are characterised by rapid urbanization, high rates of technology penetration,
and greater connection with the global market. Interestingly, while some of the issues
these nations face are similar, the constraints on growth and development are varied
and will require unique solutions. A skills shortage in China may look completely
different from that in Ghana, even though both are rapidly urbanizing and innovating.
Issues such as openness to migration, connection to neighbours and global markets,
support of education, government regulation and oversight, to mention just a few
factors, affect each market in divergent and distinctive ways. Therefore the
recommendations and observations provided in this report must be understood to be
more generalized rather than directly prescriptive to any particular nation.
Jobs for the Future 6
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