Demineralization Determination
Determination of the demineralization endpoint is an im-
portant step. Overdecalcification results in tissue destruction
and underdecalcification results in poor dehydration and in-
filtration and, ultimately, sectioning. The X-ray method is the
most accurate but requires the appropriate equipment. Also,
tissues treated with fixatives containing mercury or other
heavy metals are rendered radiopaque; thus, X-ray cannot
be used for these tissues. The chemical precipitation method
(e.g., calcium oxalate precipitation) is reliable and easily ap-
plied for acid decalcifiers. A modification of this method also
may be used for EDTA decalcified tissues. Mechanical bend-
ing or probing is a subjective assessment and is by far the
easiest method and is often done. But, it is not recommended
as it is not reliable and the tissue manipulation may disrupt
architecture or dislodge soft tissue components from the sam-
ple. Cutting the sample has also been used and appears to be
an accepted practice.
Tissue Processing and Staining
Because of its routine use, H&E-stained sections of
paraffin-embedded bone marrow tissue are typically evalu-
ated histologically. However, H&E does not provide consis-
tent hematopoietic cell differentiation. Section thickness is
an important factor and 3-micron sections provide better cel-
lular morphological detail compared to thicker (
≥
5-micron)
sections (Figure 18). Cytological quality is not, however, as
good compared to Romanowsky-stained cytology prepara-
tions. Giemsa–stained sections provides better morphologi-
cal detail compared to H&E-stained sections and are more
easily compared to Romanowsky-stained smears.
For the Giemsa stain, however, acid-decalcified tissue re-
sults in loss of basophilic-staining structures. The use of
chelating-type decalcifiers improves Giemsa staining. Plas-
tic embedding provides a significant improvement in cellular
morphology. Additionally, there is no need for decalcifica-
tion, thus, reducing shrinkage artifact and loss of cellular de-
tail related to decalcification methods. Thin sections (
≤
3 mi-
crons) can be easily produced, improving cytological quality.
However, plastic embedding is time, labor and cost intensive
and, thus, not justified for a high-throughput operation. Prus-
sian Blue stain is used for the assessment of iron stores; acids
in decalcifiers or fixatives may washout iron stores. Thus,
tissue iron could be underestimated.
S
UMMARY
Since hematopoietic system is a potential target organ of
chemical exposure, evaluation of the blood and bone mar-
row is important component of any toxicity or safety assess-
ment study. Evaluation of the hematopoietic system should
routinely include a CBC and differential and bone marrow
histopathology. While the CBC provides information regard-
ing possible compound-related effects demonstrated in the
peripheral blood, morphological evaluation of bone marrow
provides information about bone marrow tissue architecture
(e.g., cellularity, cell linages, vascular or stromal alterations,
inflammation, necrosis), estimation of iron stores and iden-
tification of other features (e.g., pigment, infectious agents,
proliferative or neoplastic disorders) that otherwise would be
missed by examination of peripheral blood alone. The quality
of the marrow sections, however, is governed by numerous
variables related to specimen collection and processing and
must be considered.
R
EFERENCES
Abboud, C. N., and Lichtman, M. A. (2001). Structure of the marrow and the
hematopoietic microenvironment. In Williams’ Hematology, 6th edition
(E. Beutler, M. A. Lichtman, B. S. Coller, T. J. Kipps, and U. Seligsohn,
eds.) pp. 29–58, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Allen, T. D., and Dexter, T. M. (1984). The essential cells of the hematopoietic
microenvironment.
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