Value includes rubriblasts and prorubricytes.
Value includes rubricytes and metarubricytes.
Value includes rubriblasts, prorubricytes and basophilic rubricytes.
Value includes and polychromatophilic rubricytes and metarubricytes.
Value includes and basophilic, polychromatophilic and normochromic rubricytes.
Vol. 34, No. 5, 2006
HISTOLOGY OF THE BONE MARROW
563
F
IGURE
18.—Comparison of details of cytomorphological features between a 5-micron (A) and a 3-micron (B) section stained with hematoxylin & eosin. Femoral
marrow from normal B6C3F1mice.
must be avoided. With initial placement of tissue in a suf-
ficient amount of chelator, solution replacement is usually
not needed.
These decalcifiers may be applied individually or in com-
bination using immersion, microwave, sonication or elec-
trolytic methods. For immersion techniques, tissues are
placed in adequate decalcifier at ambient temperature. This
is the slowest of the aforementioned methods but causes the
least artifactual tissue damage if the sample is overdecal-
cified and H&E staining is generally adequate. Microwave
techniques utilize a microwave to heat a water bath in which
a container with tissue immersed in a decalcifier is placed.
Decalcification is enhanced (especially with the mineral
acids) but it is easy to heat-damage the tissue (especially at
>
45
◦
C). Using 70% power for 20 minutes with 10-minute
cool-down intervals help diminish the effects of heat. H&E
staining is generally adequate, but one may see dark marrow
components with sparse, smudged nuclei (probably related
to heat damage). Sonication techniques involve immersing
the tissues in a sonicator containing decalcifier and sonicat-
ing the tissues. The speed of decalcification is enhanced and
H&E staining is adequate, but there can be cytological alter-
ations similar to what occurs using the microwave method.
The electrolytic method involves suspending a single tissue
in an acid decalcifier between 2 electrodes and passing a
weak electrical current to enhance decalcification time. This
method is slightly faster than immersion and the staining is
comparable to the immersion method. However, the setup is
elaborate and not amenable to a high-throughput operation;
this requires frequent solution changes and heat damage can
occur.
Decalcification by ion-exchange varies from the above
methods in that a calcium-sequestering resin is used in com-
bination with an acid decalcifier. This technique appears to
be faster than immersion methods and appears to provide the
best morphology for tissues stained with H&E. A resin (e.g.,
Win-3000) is placed in the bottom of a container, which is
then filled with an acid decalcifier (typically an organic acid
such as formic acid); the tissue(s) are immersed in the decal-
cifier. Since the resin sequesters the calcium, a chemical pre-
cipitation method for determination of demineralization end-
point cannot be performed. The resin may be reused and daily
564
TRAVLOS
T
OXICOLOGIC
P
ATHOLOGY
solution changes are unnecessary. However, this method is
not amenable to high throughput operations due to the avail-
ability and cost of the resin, limited tissue capacity in the
decalcification chamber and the time required for thorough
washing of the resin for reuse.
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