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Hedge fund sector risks
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9.2
Risk analytics
7
The hedge fund sector is closely linked to the banking sector through prime brokerage and trading
counterparty relationships, as well as a result of several banks operating their own hedge funds or
proprietary trading departments.
9.2.1
Prime brokerage
Prime brokerage encompasses a set of services offered by banks (namely, investment banks) to
hedge funds. Among other things, prime brokerage services include the provision of credit and a
securities clearing facility.
Prime brokerage relationships can be a transmission channel for risks to financial stability. Hedge
fund failure may result in bank losses as a result of credit exposures.
In addition, in times of
market stress, if a hedge fund is uncertain about the solvency of a bank
acting as prime broker, it may withdraw collateral from that bank. This generates risk to financial
stability in the following sense. Insofar as a bank has re-hypothecation rights over hedge fund
collateral, collateral withdrawal implies that it can no longer be used for a bank's own liquidity
management needs. Therefore, whatever pre-existing liquidity risk a bank faced is now magnified.
Liquidity risk is compounded if the withdrawal of a single hedge fund's collateral materially
reduces the efficiency with which a prime broker manages other hedge fund collateral. For
example, other hedge funds may face greater collateral costs as a consequence of
prime brokers
handling fewer transactions and having less scope for netting. A single hedge fund's collateral
withdrawal, through the impact on collateral costs faced by other hedge funds, could therefore
trigger a domino effect of withdrawals of collateral.
It is important to observe that prime brokerage relationships are a transmission channel for risks
to financial stability rather than a source of risks (King and Maier, 2009). The impetus for collateral
withdrawals could originate from within the banking sector (e.g., in connection with uncertainty
regarding the solvency of a bank), from hedge funds (e.g., if it fails), elsewhere in the economy or
purely due to perceptions.
In the
latter case, hedge funds know that collateral withdrawals in general constrain a bank's
ability to manage liquidity, which increases the risk of holding collateral with said bank. As such,
hedge funds have an incentive to withdraw collateral from a bank earlier rather than later. This
herding behaviour could crystallise perceptions of insolvency risk.
Empirically, a perspective on conditions of prime brokerage relationships is gained through an
analysis of prime broker margin requirements. These are shown in Figure 38 below. One of the
main features is that margin requirements are highly pro-cyclical. From the perspective of
minimising risks to financial stability, it may be beneficial that margin requirements do not fall to
unsustainably low levels during normal market conditions because hedge funds may expand their
7
The following section is based on King and Maier (2009). For further details on the roles of hedge funds in financial intermediation see
paper.