Money market sector risks
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vary up to 50bps and still, nominally be maintained at €1. Additionally, fund sponsors have
purchased securities from MMFs in the past in order to maintain a €1 share value (Macey, 2011).
During the financial crisis the underlying cause for redemptions was
inter alia
declining securitised
asset values, particularly where underlying loan assets were US subprime mortgages. What is
interesting is that due to a lack of transparency of MMF assets, investors redeemed not only from
funds known to hold these particular assets but also funds operating in the sector in case they held
these assets (Bengtsson, 2011).
The reason that MMFs seek to maintain a share value of €1 is in order to manage redemptions,
specifically under stressed market conditions. A given investor may believe that other investors
respond to a share value of less than €1 by withdrawing capital, which may lead the first investor
to withdraw also, and overall, a flood of redemption requests are observed (see, among others,
McCabe, 2009).
Under normal market conditions, assets can be liquidated in order to honour these redemption
requests and a share value of less than €1 persists only to the extent that it arose initially, e.g., due
to a sharp rise in interest rates. Under stressed market conditions, however, it may not be possible
to liquidate assets due to a lack of liquidity or to liquidate assets only at stressed market prices.
Honouring redemption requests therefore precipitates further declines in share values through the
fire sale mechanism (see section 5.4).
The best individual responses for MMFs under stressed market conditions is to hold money market
instruments with short durations/cash or near-cash assets that can be easily liquidated. However,
this action deteriorates liquidity and pricing of longer-dated money market instruments. This is a
source of financial instability insofar as whatever pre-existing stress there was in longer-dated
money markets is exacerbated. Moreover, insofar as banks relying on funding through longer-
dated money market instruments or repos can no longer access them, is the extent to which they
face increased funding risk. And finally, bank bail outs of money market funds may lead to a
realisation of losses that affect bank balance sheets.
More generally, redemptions under stressed market conditions pose risk to financial stability
insofar as money market funds are unable to carry out their economic functions at optimal levels.
Investors are not able to manage credit risk as effectively in times of market stress. Issuers of
commercial paper are under-funded, especially issuers of longer-dated commercial paper. And
particularly, due to the thinner market for repos, traditional banking activities are hamstrung
because of a lack of availability of credit in one of its key short-term funding markets (Macey,
2011).
However, in the context of the financial crisis, it must be noted that the underlying cause of risks
to financial stability operating through money market funds did not originate in money markets. In
particular, risks arose within the banking sector (due to securitised loan assets) that fed through to
prime MMFs and due to the behaviour of investors in response to falling NAVs. Moreover, the
impact on MMF investors in terms of realised losses were either zero or very small (Macey, 2011).
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