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Robert Penn Warren (1905-1989)
Robert Penn Warren, one of the southern Fugitives, 
enjoyed a fruitful career running through most of the 20th century. He showed a lifelong concern 
with democratic values as they appeared within historical context. The most enduring of his novels 
is 
All the King's Men
(1946), focusing on the darker implications of the American dream -- as 

---

revealed in this thinly veiled account of the career of a flamboyant and sinister southern senator, 
Huey Long.
Arthur Miller (1915- )
New York-born dramatist-novelist-essayist-biographer Arthur 
Miller reached his personal pinnacle in 1949 with 
Death of a Salesman
, a study of man's search for 
merit and worth in his life and the realization that failure invariably looms. Set within the Loman 
family, it hinges on the uneven relationships of father and sons, husband and wife. It is a mirror of 
the literary attitudes of the 1940s -- with its rich combination of realism tinged with naturalism; 
carefully drawn, rounded characters; and insistence on the value of the individual, despite failure 
and error. 
Death of a Salesman
is a moving paean to the common man -- to whom, as Willy 
Loman's widow eulogizes, "attention must be paid." Poignant and somber, it is also a story of 
dreams. As one character notes ironically, "a salesman has got to dream, boy. It comes with the 
territory."
Death of a Salesman
, a landmark work, still is only one of a number of dramas Miller wrote 
over several decades, including All My Sons (1947) and 
The Crucible
(1953). Both are political -- 
one contemporary, and the other set in colonial times. The first deals with a manufacturer who 
knowingly allows defective parts to be shipped to airplane firms during World War II, resulting in 
the death of his son and others. 
The Crucible
depicts the Salem (Massachusetts) witchcraft trials of 
the 17th century in which Puritan settlers were wrongfully executed as supposed witches. Its 
message, though -- that "witch hunts" directed at innocent people are anathema in a democracy -- 
was relevant to the era in which the play was staged, the early 1950s, when an anti- Communist 
crusade led by U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy and others ruined innocent people s lives.