N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Wilson, L., Martin, P. A., Elliott, J. E., Mineau, P., and Cheng, K. M. (2001). Exposure of California Quail to Organophosphorus Insecticides in Apple Orchards in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Ecotoxicology 10: 79-90.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ,AZ,MYC Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

Winberg, S., Bjerselius, R., Baatrup, E., and Doving, K. B. (1992). The Effect of Cu (II) on the Electro-Olfactogram (EOG) of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L) in Artificial Freshwater of Varying Inorganic Carbon Concentrations. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 24: 167-178.

EcoReference No.: 5980

Chemical of Concern: CuCl,DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(CuCl),NO COC(DZ).

Winterlin, W., Seiber, J. N., Craigmill, A., Baier, T., Woodrow, J., and Walker, G. (1989). Degradation of Pesticide Waste Taken from a Highly Contaminated Soil Evaporation Pit in California. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 18: 734-747.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: MLT,ATZ,CPY,DZ,DU,MLN,MP,PRN,TRB,TBC,TFN Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

WITTER, B., FRANCKE, W., FRANKE, S., KNAUTH H-D, and MIEHLICH, G. (1998). Distribution and mobility of organic micropollutants in River Elbe flood plains. CHEMOSPHERE; 37 63-78.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) methods have been developed to investigate the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing pesticides (N-pesticides) in soils at river Elbe wetlands. Remarkably high concentrations of CHCs and PAHs were found and a mobilization of contaminants seems probable at one location. Ecology/ Fresh Water/ Biochemistry/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution

Wolcott, Robert M. and Neal, Robert A. (1972). Effect of structure on the rate of the mixed function oxidase catalyzed metabolism of a series of parathion analogs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 22: 676-683.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

Various concentrations of a series of phenyl substituted diethyl phosphorothionates were incubated with rabbit liver microsomes and the rates of formation of the corresponding phenyl substituted diethyl phosphates and of diethyl phosphorothioic acid were determined. From these data the Km and Vmax values for the formation of these mixed function oxidase catalyzed metabolites were calculated. A plot was made of the log of the Vmax values for the formation of the phenyl substituted phosphates or diethylphosphorothioic acid against the Hammett [sigma] constants for the substituents on the phenyl ring of the various phenyl substituted diethyl phosphorothionates. These plots indicated that there was no linear relationship between the rates of formation of these metabolites and the electron withdrawing or donating properties of the substituted phenyl groups. A statistical comparison of the Km and Vmax values for the formation of the phenyl substituted diethyl phosphates and diethyl phosphorothioic acid from the corresponding phenyl substituted diethyl phosphorothionates reveals some differences. These differences are discussed.

Wolf, D. D., Buss, G. R., and Pienkowski, R. L. (1976). Growth and Physiological Response of Alfalfa to Diazinon and Methoxychlor Insecticides. Crop Sci. 16: 190-192 .

EcoReference No.: 41569

Chemical of Concern: DZ,MXC,CBF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Wolthuis, O. L. and Vanwersch, R. A. P. (1984). Behavioral Changes in the Rat After Low Doses of Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Fundam.Appl.Toxicol. 4: S195-S208.

EcoReference No.: 84368

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(DZ).

Wong, P. K. and Chang, L. (1988). The Effects of 2,4-D Herbicide and Organophosphorus Insecticides on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Chlorophyll a Synthesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (mt+). Environ.Pollut. 55: 179-189.

EcoReference No.: 13243

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,DMT,DZ,MLN,FNT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY,GRO,BCM; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Wood, B. and Stark, J. D. (2002). Acute Toxicity of Drainage Ditch Water from a Washington State Cranberry-Growing Region to Daphnia pulex in Laboratory Bioassays. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety [Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.]. Vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 273-280. Oct 2002.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: EFFLUENT.

ISSN: 0147-6513

Descriptors: Water pollution
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Toxicity testing
Descriptors: Laboratory testing
Descriptors: Bioassays
Descriptors: Organophosphorus compounds
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Bogs
Descriptors: Water sampling
Descriptors: Agrochemicals
Descriptors: Toxicity tests
Descriptors: Phosphate (Organic)
Descriptors: Crustaceans (Cladocera)
Descriptors: Sampling
Descriptors: Agricultural chemicals
Descriptors: Drainage Ditches
Descriptors: Laboratories
Descriptors: Mortality
Descriptors: Bioassay
Descriptors: Testing Procedures
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Acute Toxicity
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Daphnia
Descriptors: Cranberries
Descriptors: Mortality causes
Descriptors: Freshwater crustaceans
Descriptors: Indicator species
Descriptors: Chemical analysis
Descriptors: Bioaccumulation
Descriptors: Pollution indicators
Descriptors: Daphnia pulex
Descriptors: USA, Washington
Descriptors: USA, Washington, Grayland
Abstract: High concentrations of organophosphorous insecticides resulting from cranberry bog applications were detected in the Grayland Drainage Ditch (GDD) system in Grayland, Washington State, during the 1994-1996 Washington State Department of Ecology Pesticide Monitoring Program. This drainage ditch system drains cranberry bogs and enters the Pacific Ocean via the North Cove and Supon Inlet. Concerns about the impact of these pesticides on human and environmental health led to this investigation of the potential impact on an indicator species, Daphnia pulex. To determine the toxic effects of multiple pesticides entering the GDD, standardized laboratory toxicity tests with D. pulex were conducted concurrently with the Washington State Department of Ecology pesticide sampling. Concentrations of three insecticides, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and azinphos- methyl, were the highest ever detected in state waters. The GDD water was found to cause acute toxicity in 33- of the laboratory bioassays conducted. Regression analysis, however, detected a poor correlation between total insecticide detected and percentage mortality of D. pulex at the two drainage ditch sites studied, Grays Harbor County site and the Pacific County site. However, the relationship between mortality of D. pulex and detected concentrations of diazinon and chlorpyrifos were significant. Sampling schedules for chemical analysis and bioassay testing appear to be the primary reason that statistical analysis failed to correlate mortality with detected OP pesticide concentrations. Grab samples used in toxicity testing may over- or underestimate actual concentrations of contaminants present in the system being studied.
Publisher: Elsevier Science (USA)
DOI: 10.1006/eesa.2002.2210
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24131 Acute exposure
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution
Classification: SW 3030 Effects of pollution
Classification: Q5 01504 Effects on organisms
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts

WOOD SJ and OSBORNE RH (1991). Is sulfotep a proctolin receptor antagonist? PESTIC SCI; 32 485-491.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Proctolin-induced, dose-dependent (10-8 - 2istocerca gregaria was antagonised non-competitively by sulfotep (2aused restoration of the proctolin dose-response curve to its control value. Neostigmine (10-5 M) caused non-competitive inhibition of proctolin-induced tissue contraction. Increasing the dose of neostigmine to 10-4 M restored the proctolin response to control values. Sulfotep (10-5 M) and neostigmine (10-4 M) caused inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in tissue homogenates obtained from guts pretreated with either drug for 20 min. The stimulatory effect of sulfotep (5octolin-induced gut contraction was abolished by pretreatment of tissues with atropine (10-6 M). Under these conditions, 50-5 M sulfotep caused further antagonism of the action of proctolin. The results suggest that sulfotep is a proctolin receptor antagonist in the locust foregut. However, higher concentrations inhibit tissue AChE activity, thereby allowing endogenous acetylcholine Biochemistry/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Insects/Physiology/ Physiology, Comparative/ Pathology/ Orthoptera

WOODWARD KN (1992). USES AND REGULATION OF VETERINARY DRUGS INTRODUCTION. HUTSON, D. H., ET AL. (ED.). ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES, 503. XENOBIOTICS AND FOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS: METABOLISM AND RESIDUES; 202ND NATIONAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA, AUGUST 25-30, 1991. XII+255P. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY: WASHINGTON, DC, USA. ISBN 0-8412-2472-2.; 0 (0). 1992. 2-16.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM TOXICOLOGY FOOD SAFETY Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Pharmacology/ Pharmaceutical Preparations/Metabolism/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Animal Husbandry/ Veterinary Medicine/ Animals

World Health Organization (1998). Diazinon. Int.Prog.on Chem.Saf., W.H.O., Geneva, Switzerland 140 p.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

WORTHING CR (1991). THE PESTICIDE MANUAL A WORLD COMPENDIUM 9TH EDITION. WORTHING, C. R. (ED.). THE PESTICIDE MANUAL: A WORLD COMPENDIUM, 9TH EDITION. XLVII+1141P. BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL: FARNHAM, ENGLAND, UK. ILLUS. ISBN 0-948404-42-6.; 0 (0). 1991. XLVII+1141P.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK INSECT PEST WEED MOLECULAR STRUCTURE NOMENCLATURE TOXICOLOGY BIOLOGICAL CONTROL CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE REGISTRY NUMBER Biology/Classification/ Terminology/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control, Biological/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Disease/ Insects/Parasitology/ Plants/ Insects

Wright, C. G., Leidy, R. B., and Dupree, H. E. (1982). Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos in the Air of Moving and Stationary Pest Control Vehicles. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL.]. Vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 119-121. 1982.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

ISSN: 0007-4861

Descriptors: air
Descriptors: pest control
Descriptors: motor vehicles
Abstract: Pest control firms often use pickup trucks as service vehicles on pest control routes. Pesticides are transported in the pickups, both as concentrated and dilutions. Insecticide levels in the ambient air of cabs of moving pickups have been studied. The amount of inseticide present in the air of cabs of stationary pickups being used as pest control service vehicles has not been reported; therefore, a study was initiated to determine the amount of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in the cabs of stationary pickups. Additional air samples, taken while the same pickups were moving, provided data for comparison of insecticide levels in individual pickups when moving and stationary.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Wright, C. G., Leidy, R. B., and Dupree, H. E. Jr (1989). Acephate present in food-serving areas of buildings after baseboard spraying. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 713-716. 1989.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

ISSN: 0007-4861

Descriptors: contamination
Descriptors: insecticides
Descriptors: residues
Descriptors: food contamination
Descriptors: buildings
Abstract: Insecticide labels for residual insecticides usually specify a spot (max 0.19 m super(2)), general surface, and/or crack and crevice application when used in food-service dining facilities for German cockroach control. Acephate and other insecticides have been detected in the ambient air of structures following their application using spot and/or crack and crevice application techniques. Acephate, diazinon and chlorpyrifos have been found on nearby surfaces following their application as a pinstream spray into cracks and crevices or directed at the cracks and crevices. We were interested in determining insecticide levels on baseboards following their direct application and the quantities which moved to non-target sites. The study discussed hereafter determined these levels.
Language: English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24120 Food, additives & contaminants
Classification: H SE5.20 INSECTICIDES
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Subfile: Health & Safety Science Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Wright, C. G., Leidy, R. B., and Dupree, H. E Jr (1996). Insecticide Residues In The Ambient Air Of Commercial Pest Control Buildings 1993. 56: 21-28.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: RSM, CHLOR Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article acephate bendiocarb chlorpyrifos cypermethrin diazinon dichlorvos malathion permethrin propoxur resmethrin organophosphates environmental contamination ecology/ environmental biology-bioclimatology and biometeorology/ biochemical studies-general/ biophysics-molecular properties and macromolecules/ toxicology-environmental and industrial toxicology/ public health: environmental health-air, water and soil pollution/ pest control, general/ pesticides/ herbicides

WRIGHT DJ and VERKERK, R. HJ (1995). Integration of chemical and biological control systems for arthropods: Evaluation in a multitrophic context. PESTICIDE SCIENCE; 44 207-218.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW, METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The methods used to evaluate and categorise the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods are reviewed, including the potential significance of indirect, 'sub-lethal' activity and the importance of bioavailability of pesticides under semi-field or field conditions. Interspecific and intraspecific differences in the susceptibility of natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) to pesticides are considered, including the use of resistant strains in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems. The potential impact of pesticide resistance in the target pest on its natural enemies is also discussed. The need to assess the influence of the host plant/cultivar on the efficacy of pesticides for use in integrated control programmes (ditrophic effects) and of the possible effects of such chemicals on host plant/cultivar-pest-parasitoid systems (tritrophic effects) are then described with specific reference to the diamondback moth and key endolarval parasitoids. Finally, the pot Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control, Biological/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animal/ Disease/ Insects/Parasitology/ Lepidoptera

Wu, H. X., EVREUX-GROS, C., and Descotes, J. (1996). Diazinon Toxicokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Anticholinesterase Activity in the Rat. Biomed.Environ.Sci. 9: 359-369.

EcoReference No.: 84916

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Wu, H. X., Evreux-Gros, C. l., and Descotes, J. (1996). Influence of cimetidine on the toxicity and toxicokinetics of diazinon in the rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology [HUM. EXP. TOXICOL.]. Vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 391-395. 1996.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

ISSN: 0144-5952

Descriptors: brain
Descriptors: enzymatic activity
Abstract: The influence of cimetidine on diazinon toxicity and toxicokinetics was investigated in male Wistar rats. The acute toxicity of diazinon, as well as brain acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase inhibition, were potentiated by pretreating rats with cimetidine (80 mg kg super(-1), ip) 1 and 24 h prior to diazinon application (50 mg kg super(-1), i.p.). Comparison of toxicokinetic parameters between control and cimetidine-treated animals, showed a significant decrease in diazinon total body clearance and a marked increase in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve following cimetidine. These results indicate that a major cause of the potentiation of diazinon may be related to the increase in the amount of diazinon in the systemic circulation as well as in the brain.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24131 Acute exposure
Classification: N3 11104 Mammals (except primates)
Subfile: CSA Neurosciences Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Wu, J. G., Luan, T. G., Lan, C. Y., Lo, W. H., and Chan, G. Y. S. ( Efficacy evaluation of low-concentration of ozonated water in removal of residual diazinon, parathion, methyl-parathion and cypermethrin on vegetable. Journal of Food Engineering In Press, Corrected Proof.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The present study investigated the degradation of four pesticides by low-concentration of dissolved ozone in order to establish the effect of operational parameters. The results indicated that dissolved ozone (initial concentration of 1.4 mg/l) was effective to oxidize 60-99% of 0.1 mg/l aqueous diazinon, parathion, methyl-parathion and cypermethrin shortly within 30 min. The feasibilities of applying low dissolved levels of ozone in water (1.4-2.0 mg/l) to remove the target pesticides residing on vegetable surface (Brassica rapa) were studied. Ozonated water was mostly effective in cypermethrin removal (>60%). The efficacy highly depended on the dissolved ozone levels. Higher temperature enhanced the efficacy in pesticide removal; however, the solubility of ozone in water is inversely proportional to temperature. The maximal efficacy for diazinon removal was detected to be at 15-20 [deg]C. Major limitation factors for residual pesticide removal are temperature, concentration of ozone gas applied and concentration of dissolved ozone established. Pesticide/ Ozonated water/ Vegetable/ Diazinon/ Parathion/ Methyl-parathion/ Cypermethrin

Wu, Jiguo, Luan, Tiangang, Lan, Chongyu, Hung Lo, Thomas Wai, and Chan, Gilbert Yuk Sing ( Removal of residual pesticides on vegetable using ozonated water. Food Control In Press, Corrected Proof.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

Degradation of the four pesticides by dissolved ozone was investigated in order to establish the effect of operational parameters: methyl-parathion, parathion, diazinon and cypermethrin. They were commonly used as broad-spectrum insecticides in pest control, and high residual levels had been detected in vegetables. In the present study, the effectiveness in pesticide oxidation in aqueous solution using low level of dissolved ozone was determined using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and GC-MS. Dissolved ozone (1.4 mg/l) was effective to oxidize 60-99% of methyl-parathion, cypermethrin, parathion and diazinon in aqueous solution in 30 min and the degradation was mostly completed in the first 5 min. Trace amounts and unstable paraoxon and diazoxon were tentatively identified as primary ozonation byproducts of parathion and diazinon. The feasibilities of using low level of dissolved ozone (1.4-2.0 mg/l) for removal of the four pesticides residue on vegetable surface (Brassica rapa) were also tested. Ozone was mostly effective in cypermethrin removal (>60%). The removal efficiency of pesticides highly depended on the dissolved ozone levels and temperature. The present study validated that ozonation is a safe and promising process for the removal of the tested pesticides from aqueous solution and vegetable surface under domestic conditions. Ozonated water/ Pesticides/ Vegetable

Yamada, Atsuko, Shoji, Tetsuo, Tahara, Hideki, Emoto, Masanori, and Nishizawa, Yoshiki (2001). Effect of insulin resistance on serum paraoxonase activity in a nondiabetic population. Metabolism 50: 805-811.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

Paraoxonase is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-bound esterase that hydrolyzes various organophosphorus compounds and protects low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against accumulation of lipid peroxides. Paraoxonase activity is strongly affected by the polymorphism of the paraoxonase gene (PON1) at position 192. In addition, the enzyme activity shows a great variation within each genotype, although the underlying mechanism is unknown. Because paraoxonase activity is decreased in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have insulin resistance, we investigated the association between paraoxonase activity and insulin resistance in a nondiabetic population. The subjects were 237 healthy Japanese adults with fasting plasma glucose less than 7.0 mmol/L. Paraoxonase activity was measured using paraoxon as a routine substrate. Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA index). Paraoxonase activity was affected by HDL level. To reduce the effect of HDL on paraoxonase, paraoxonase activity/HDL ratio was used. When the subjects were divided into tertiles by HOMA index, the subjects with higher HOMA values had higher paraoxonase/HDL ratios, although the 3 groups were comparable in age, gender and the PON1 genotype distribution. Paraoxonase/HDL ratio showed significant positive correlations not only with HOMA index, but also with body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), whereas it correlated inversely with age at borderline significance. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the association between HOMA index and paraoxonase/HDL ratio was significant and independent of PON1 genotype, age, and adipocity. The positive association between HOMA index and HDL-corrected enzyme activity was again significant when the enzyme activity was measured with diazoxon as an alternative substrate. These results suggest that insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia is a factor contributing to the intragenotype variability of paraoxonase activity in a population without overt hyperglycemia.