N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Sudoi, V. (1991). Effects of Insecticides on Mortality of Fried Egg Scale (Aspidiotus sp. Homoptera: Diaspidae) on Tea. Tests Agrochem.Cultiv. 12: 26-27.

EcoReference No.: 78129

Chemical of Concern: ALSV,DZ,CYP,CPY; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: OK(ALL CHEMS),OK TARGET(ALSV,DZ).

Suenaga, Miwa, Lee, Sannamu, Park, Nam Gyu, Aoyagi, Haruhiko, Kato, Tesuo, Umeda, Akiko, and Amako, Kazunobu (1989). Basic amphipathic helical peptides induce destabilization and fusion of acidic and neutral liposomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 981: 143-150.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

We have studied the fusion of small unilamellar vesicles composed of egg PC and of a mixture of egg PC plus egg PA using various basic amphipathic peptides. Fusion was monitored by carboxyfluorescein leakage assay, light scattering, membrane intermixing assay, contents mixing assay and electron microscopy. Ac-(-Leu--Ala--Arg--Leu)3-NHCH3 (peptide 43) and Ac-(-Leu--Ala--Lys--Leu)3-NHCH3 (peptide 4′3), which have high hydrophobic moments, caused transformation of small unilamellar vesicles into larger and relatively homogeneous ones. Ac-(-Leu--Leu--Ala--Arg--Leu)2-NHCH3(52), which has medium hydrophobic moment, induced weak but appreciable fusion, while Ac-(-Ala--Arg--Leu)3-NHCH3(33) which has no helical structure did not show any fusion. However, peptides 43, 4′3 and 52 caused massive leakage of the contents from small unilamellar vesicles. These results indicated that interaction of the peptides with artificial membranes caused extensive perturbation of the lipid bilayer, followed by fusion. The fusogenic capacity of model basic peptides was correlated with the hydrophobic moment of each peptide when the peptides adopted an [alpha]-helical structure in the presence of acidic liposomes. Peptides 43 and 4′3 also showed weak fusogenic ability for neutral liposomes, while 52 and 33 showed no ability, suggesting that highly amphipathic peptides, such as 43, interact weakly but distinctly with neutral liposomes to fuse them. Amphipathic alpha-helical peptide/ Fusogen/ Membrane fusion/ Liposome/ Cationic peptide/ Polymyxin B/ Hydrophobic moment

SUETT DL, FOURNIER J-C, PAPADOPOULOU-MOURKIDOU, E., PUSSEMIER, L., and SMELT, J. (1996 ). ACCELERATED DEGRADATION THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION. SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY; 28 1741-1748.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM JOURNAL ARTICLE HORTICULTURAL CROPS MICROORGANISM ARABLE CROPS ACCELERATED DEGRADATION PESTICIDE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY HERBICIDE SOIL FUMIGANT NEMATICIDE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES GENETICS MICROFLORA BIODIVERSITY ENZYMES AGRICULTURE PESTICIDES METABOLISM EUROPE PALEARCTIC REGION Genetics/ Cytogenetics/ Enzymes/Physiology/ Metabolism/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Soil Microbiology/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Soil/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Plant Diseases/ Preventive Medicine/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Microbiology/ Plants

Sugimoto, Takanori, Wada, Yoko, Yamamura, Shosuke, and Ueda, Minoru (2001). Fluorescence study on the nyctinasty of Cassia mimosoides L. using novel fluorescence-labeled probe compounds. Tetrahedron 57: 9817-9825.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

We synthesized fluorescence-labeled probe compounds bearing 6-((7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetyl)amino)-hexanoyl (AMCA, 1), 6-N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl)-aminohexanoyl (NBD, 2), and 6-(4-((5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-amino))-hexanoyl (dansyl, 3) groups as the fluorescent functionality. In these probe compounds, NBD-type probe, 2, showed leaf-opening activity at 5 x 10-6 M. The bioactivity of 2 is one-fifth as strong as that of the natural product, potassium isolespedezate (6). We carried out the binding experiment using 1 in a plant body. Then, it was suggested that fluorescence-labeled probe compound directly bound to a motor cell in pulvina of Cassia mimosoides. And this binding was specific to C. mimosoides. Probe compounds cannot bind plant sections of other nyctinastic plants. nyctinasty/ leaf-opening substance/ fluorescence/ probe compound/ motor cell

SUGIYAMA, S., IGARASHI, T., UENO, K., SATOH, T., and KITAGAWA, H. (1985). INCREASE IN ANTICARBOXYLESTERASE ACTION OF ORGANOPHOSPHOROTHIOATES BY NAD IN-VITRO. RES COMMUN CHEM PATHOL PHARMACOL; 48 455-458.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LIVER MICROSOME ETHYL-P-NITROPHENYLPHENYLPHOSPHATE SURECIDE PARATHION DIAZINON METHYLPARATHION FENITROTHION INSECTICIDE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE PHOSPHORUS-SULFUR GROUP Biochemistry/ Nucleic Acids/ Purines/ Pyrimidines/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Enzymes/Physiology/ Nucleic Acids/Metabolism/ Purines/Metabolism/ Pyrimidines/Metabolism/ Digestive System Diseases/Pathology/ Digestive System/Pathology/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory

Suhling, F., Befeld, S., Haeusler, M., Katzur, K., Lepkojus, S., and Mesleard, F. (2000). Effects of Insecticide Applications on Macroinvertebrate Density and Biomass in Rice-Fields in the Rhone-delta, France. Hydrobiologia 431: 69-79.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ,HCCH Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

Sundberg, Richard J. and Baxter, Ellen W. (1986). Photochemistry of quinone diazides. Intramolecular oxygen transfer and carbenoid addition during photolysis of N-allylsulfonamido quinone diazides. Tetrahedron Letters 27: 2687-2690.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

An indole quinone diazide, 5-(N-allylsulfonamido)-4-diazo-3-methyl-4,-7-dihydroindol-7-one, which is a potential precursor of a -cyclopropane-indol-7-one structure has been prepared. A study of its photolysis and that of a model compound has identified oxygen transfer from the sulfonamido substituent as a process which competes with intramolecular carbenoid addition.

Surewicz, W. K., Epand, R. M., Vail, W. J., and Moscarello, M. A. (1985). Aliphatic aldehydes promote myelin basic protein-induced fusion of phospholipid vesicles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 820: 319-323.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Myelin basic protein induces slow and limited fusion of phospholipid vesicles composed of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Addition of palmitoyl aldehyde to these vesicles dramatically increases their ability to fuse in the presence of myelin basic protein. Compared to aliphatic aldehydes, fatty acids are much less potent promoters of myelin basic protein-induced membrane fusion. The ability of aliphatic aldehydes to promote myelin basic protein-induced membrane fusion may be of relevance to myelin structure and function and, particularly, to the pathology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Myelin basic protein/ Membrane fusion/ Aliphatic aldehyde/ Phospholipid vesicle/ Lipid-protein interaction

Surewicz, Witold K., Epand, Richard M., Epand, Raquel F., Hallett, F. Ross, and Moscarello, Mario A. (1986). Modulation of myelin basic protein-induced aggregation and fusion of liposomes by cholesterol, aliphatic aldehydes and alkanes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 863: 45-52.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The effect of cholesterol on myelin basic protein-induced aggregation of zwitterionic phospholipid vesicles was studied by turbidimetry, quasi-elastic light scattering and centrifugation techniques. Without cholesterol, the degree of vesicle aggregation caused by myelin basic protein is relatively low and is only slightly increased using cholesterol concentrations up to approx. 25-30 mol%. When the cholesterol content in the bilayer exceeds approx. 30 mol%, there is a dramatic increase in the susceptibility of the vesicles to aggregation in the presence of myelin basic protein. Palmitoyl aldehyde and eicosane, substances resembling products of lipid degradation, increase myelin basic protein promoted fusion of vesicles. The fusion is accompanied by increased leakage of entrapped carboxyfluorescein. In the presence of cholesterol, myelin basic protein-induced fusion of the liposomes becomes much more sensitive to the presence of aliphatic aldehydes or alkanes. The results suggest that cholesterol has an important role in promoting membrane adhesion in biological systems but these structures become unstable in the presence of small amounts of products of lipid degradation. The findings have important implications to the understanding of the stability of the myelin membrane. Liposome aggregation/ Myelin basic protein/ Cholesterol/ Aliphatic aldehyde/ Alkane/ (QELS)

Suzuki, Hitomi, Nakaya, Chie, and Matano, Yoshihiro (1993). Photochemical azido ligand transfer reaction of a triarylbismuth diazide with alkynes. Tetrahedron Letters 34: 1055-1056.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Irradiation of a triarylbismuth diazide in benzene in the presence of alkynes results in the transfer of one of the azido ligands to the triple bond, leading to N-unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in fair to moderate yields.

Swan, S. H., Kruse, R. L., Liu, F., Barr, D. B., Drobnis, E. Z., Redmon, J. B., Wang, C., Brazil, C., and Overstreet, J. W. (2003). Semen Quality in Relation to Biomarkers of Pesticide Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives [Environ. Health Perspect.]. Vol. 111, no. 12, pp. 1478-1484. Sep 2003.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0091-6765

Descriptors: Semen
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Urine
Descriptors: USA, Missouri
Descriptors: USA, Minnesota
Abstract: We previously reported reduced sperm concentration and motility in fertile men in a U.S. agrarian area (Columbia, MO) relative to men from U.S. urban centers (Minneapolis, MN; Los Angeles, CA; New York, NY). In the present study we address the hypothesis that pesticides currently used in agriculture in the Midwest contributed to these differences in semen quality. We selected men in whom all semen parameters (concentration, percentage sperm with normal morphology, and percentage motile sperm) were low (cases) and men in whom all semen parameters were within normal limits (controls) within Missouri and Minnesota (sample sizes of 50 and 36, respectively) and measured metabolites of eight current-use pesticides in urine samples provided at the time of semen collection. All pesticide analyses were conducted blind with respect to center and case-control status. Pesticide metabolite levels were elevated in Missouri cases, compared with controls, for the herbicides alachlor and atrazine and for the insecticide diazinon [2-isopropoxy-4-methyl-pyrimidinol (IMPY)]; for Wilcoxon rank test, p = 0.0007, 0.012, and 0.0004 for alachlor, atrazine, and IMPY, respectively. Men from Missouri with high levels of alachlor or IMPY were significantly more likely to be cases than were men with low levels [odds ratios (ORs) = 30.0 and 16.7 for alachlor and IMPY, respectively], as were men with atrazine levels higher than the limit of detection (OR = 11.3). The herbicides 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and metolachlor were also associated with poor semen quality in some analyses, whereas acetochlor levels were lower in cases than in controls (p = 0.04). No significant associations were seen for any pesticides within Minnesota, where levels of agricultural pesticides were low, or for the insect repellant DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) or the malathion metabolic malathion dicarboxylic acid. These associations between current-use pesticides and reduced semen quality suggest that agricultural chemicals may have contributed to the reduction in semen quality in fertile men from mid-Missouri we reported previously.
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6417
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

Swancar, A. ( Water quality, pesticide occurrence, and effects of irrigation with reclaimed water at golf courses in Florida.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

Reuse of treated wastewater for golf course irrigation is an increasingly popular water management option in Florida, where growth has put stress on potable water supplies. Surface water, ground water, and irrigation water were sampled at three pairs of golf courses quarterly for one year to determine if pesticides were present, and the effect of irrigation with treated effluent on ground-water quality, with an emphasis on interactions of effluent with pesticides. In addition to the six paired golf courses, which were in central Florida, ground water was sampled for pesticides and other constituents at three more golf courses in other parts of the State. This study was the first to analyze water samples from Florida golf courses for a broad range of pesticides. Statistical methods based on the percentage of data above detection limits were used to determine the effects of irrigation with reclaimed water on ground-water quality. Shallow ground water at golf courses irrigated with treated effluent has higher concentrations of chloride, lower concentrations of bicarbonate, and lower pH than ground water at golf courses irrigated with water from carbonate aquifers. There were no statistically significant differences in nutrient concentrations in ground water between paired golf courses grouped by irrigation water type at a 95 percent confidence level. The number of wells where pesticides occurred was significantly higher at the paired golf courses using ground water for irrigation than at ones using reclaimed water. However, the limited occurrences of individual pesticides in ground water make it difficult to correlate differences in irrigation-water quality with pesticide migration to the water table. At some of the golf courses, increased pesticide occurrences may be associated with higher irrigation rates, the presence of well-drained soils, and shallow depths to the surficial aquifer. Pesticides used by golf courses for turf grass maintenance were detected in ground water on seven of nine golf courses studied and in 52 percent of ground-water samples. Concentrations of pesticides in ground water at golf courses were generally low relative to regulatory guidelines, with 45 percent of all occurrences at trace levels and 92 percent under the maximum contaminant level or guidance concentration. Two of the nine golf courses had no pesticides detected in ground water, and a third had only two occurrences, which were at trace levels. There were six occurrences of concentrations of arsenic, bentazon, or acephate in ground water above the maximum contaminant level or guidance concentration. Additionally, the following pesticides were detected in ground water from at least one site; atrazine, bromacil, diazinon, diuron, fenamiphos, metalaxyl, oxydiazon, and simazine. The fenamiphos metabolites, fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone, also were detected in ground water. Samples from wastewater treatment plants contained trace levels of atrazine, bromacil, and gamma-BHC (Lindane). Concentrations of pesticides in golf course ponds were generally low, with 60 percent of all occurrences at trace levels. All but one of the pond samples collected during the study contained at least one pesticide. The most commonly occurring pesticides in golf course ponds were: atrazine, fenamiphos and fenamiphos sulfoxide, and diuron U.S. GEOL. SURVEY, EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER, OPEN FILEREPORTS SECTION, BOX 25286, MS 517, DENVER, CO 80225 (USA), [nd], 86 pp
Water-Resources Investigations Report: 95-4250
English
English
Report
SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution; SW 1030 Use of water of impaired quality; P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Water Resources Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts
4082751 A1: Alert Info 20030131 Record 172 of 181

Swedburg, D. (1973). Diazinon Toxicity to Specified Fish. U.S.EPA-OPP Registration Standard.

EcoReference No.: 13006

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(DZ).

Szardenings, Anna Katrin, Gordeev, Mikhail F., and Patel, Dinesh V. (1996). A general and convenient synthesis of novel phosphotyrosine mimetics. Tetrahedron Letters 37: 3635-3638.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

A simple and general procedure for preparation of various phosphotyrosine mimetics from the corresponding phenolic precursors is described. In situ silylation of phenol acids followed by treatment with Et3N/CBr4/HP(O)(OEt)2 provides diethyl phosphate intermediates (36-96%), which can be cleanly deprotected in quantitative yields upon treatment with BSTFA/TMSI to afford novel phosphotyrosine mimetics.

SZAREK, J., FABCZAK, J., ZASADOWSKI, A., and SPODNIEWSKA, A. (1995). PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEY IN RATS EXPOSED TO MIXED INTOXICATION WITH SELENIUM AND DIAZINON. XVTH EUROPEAN CONGRESS OF PATHOLOGY, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, SEPTEMBER 3-8, 1995. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE; 191 790.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: ABSTRACT.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT SODIUM SELENITE ANTIDOTE-DRUG HISTOPATHOLOGY Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Minerals/ Digestive System Diseases/Pathology/ Digestive System/Pathology/ Urologic Diseases/Pathology/ Urologic Diseases/Physiopathology/ Gastrointestinal Agents/Pharmacology/ Gastrointestinal System/Drug Effects/ Urinary Tract/Drug Effects/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Antidotes/ Poisoning/Prevention & Control/ Muridae

Szeto, S. Y. and Wan, M. T. (1996). Hydrolysis Of Azadirachtin In Buffered And Natural Waters. 44: 1160-1163.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: CHLOR, AZD Rejection Code: CHEM METHOD.

biosis copyright: biol abs. the hydrolysis of azadirachtin was studied in several aqueous buffers of ph 4.1-8.1 and in four natural waters (ph 6.2, 7.3, 8.0, and 8.1) at 20-45~c. depending on the ph, several unidentified conversion products were detected in the incubated solutions. azadirachtin hydrolyzed readily at 35~c, and its disappearance followed simple pseudo-first-order kinetics. the rate constants ranged from 2.48.7e basis of calculations from the arrhenius plot, the energy of activation and the frequency factor a for the hydrolysis of azadirachtin at ph 7.0 were 103 kj mol-1 and 2.51pectively. on the basis of rate constants, azadirachtin appeared to be more susceptible to hydrolysis than synthetic organophosphates, e.g., chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, parathion, and ronnel, or carbamates, e.g., carbaryl and propoxur. all of these insecticides are currently used extensively for pest control. accordingly, azadirachtin is expected to be nonpersistent in water. ecology/ environmental biology-oceanography and limnology/ comparative biochemistry, general/ biochemical methods-general/ biochemical studies-general/ biophysics-general biophysical studies/ biophysics-general biophysical techniques/ biophysics-molecular properties and macromolecules/ external effects-temperature as a primary variable (1971- )/ external effects-temperature as a primary variable-hot (1971- )/ toxicology-general/ methods and experimental/ toxicology-environmental and industrial toxicology/ public health: environmental health-air, water and soil pollution/ pest control, general/ pesticides/ herbicides/ economic entomology-chemical and physical control, general/ apparatus

SZETO SY, BROWN MJ, MACKENZIE JR, and VERNON RS (1986). DEGRADATION OF TERBUFOS IN SOIL AND ITS TRANSLOCATION INTO COLE CROPS. J AGRIC FOOD CHEM; 34 876-879.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM CABBAGE MAGGOT BROCCOLI CAULIFLOWER FENSULFOTHION CHLORFENVINPHOS DIAZINON FOOD RESIDUE TERBUFOS SULFOXIDE TERBUFOS OXON SULFOXIDE TERBUFOS SULFONE INSECTICIDE Biochemistry/ Food Technology/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Vegetables/ Food Analysis/ Food Technology/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Biophysics/ Plants/Physiology/ Plants/Metabolism/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Animals/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Pest Control/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics/ Insecticides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants/ Lepidoptera

TAKAHASHI, H., FUTAGAWA, H., and TANAKA, N. (1996). CARDIOVASCULAR COLLAPSE AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE DIAZINON IN RATS. 23RD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FUKUOKA, JAPAN, JULY 24-26, 1996. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES; 21 399.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: ABSTRACT.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING POSTER RAT DIAZINON INTRAVENOUS INJECTION ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE CARDIOVASCULAR COLLAPSE DIAZINON OXON PRESSOR RESPONSE HEART TOXICOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Cardiovascular System/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Muridae

Takahashi, H., Kojima, T., Ikeda, T., Tsuda, S., and Shirasu, Y. (1991). Differences in the Mode of Lethality Produced Through Intravenous and Oral Administration of Organophosphorus Insecticides in Rats. Fundam.Appl.Toxicol. 16: 459-468.

EcoReference No.: 84998

Chemical of Concern: DZ,FNTH,DDVP; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,BEH; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

TAKAHASHI, Y., ODANAKA, Y., WADA, Y., MINAKAWA, Y., and FUKITA, T. (1999). Pesticide runoff and mass balance in field model tests analyzed by commercially available immunoassay kits. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE; 24 255-261.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. To understand pesticide runoff due to surface water flow from sloped cropland (6-6.5ę) with planted cabbages, runoff model tests with artificial rainfall were performed in different sized blocks of land. Immunochemical determinations using commercially available immunoassay kits were applied for pesticides in surface water. One hour after application of each 400 ppm emulsion of chlorothalonil (TPN) and diazinon, artificial rainfalls of 60 mm/hr for 10 and 23 min were induced to two small fields on. When the results of analyses by both immunoassay and conventional GC were compared, they seemed to be roughly identical in similarly collected samples. Furthermore, deposits of pesticides on cabbages and soil surfaces were analyzed by immunoassay and the mass balance of each pesticide was estimated before and after rainfall in the test fields. TPN seemed to deposit better on cabbages and soil surfaces than did diazinon. Though in the block C almost half of the both pesticides initially depos Biology/Methods/ Climate/ Ecology/ Meteorological Factors/ Immunity/ Methods/ Plants/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants

Takeda, K. (1996). Inheritance of Sensitivity to the Insecticide Diazinon in Barley and the Geographical Distribution of Sensitive Varieties. Euphytica 89: 297-304 .

EcoReference No.: 85175

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(DZ).

Takeda, Tomoko, Nakamatsu, Yutaka, and Tanaka, Toshiharu ( Parasitization by Cotesia plutellae enhances detoxifying enzyme activity in Plutella xylostella. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology In Press, Corrected Proof.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO SOURCE.

Insecticidal tests using diazinon showed that the mortality of Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by Cotesia plutellae was reduced by 4.6-fold compared to that of the nonparasitized hosts. The use of chemicals with synergistic effect to insecticides in toxicity assay helps to elucidate the kind of enzyme involved in lowering insect mortality. Synergism of diethyl maleate and piperonyl butoxide with diazinon resulted to 2.4- and 1.9-fold increase, respectively, in susceptibility of parasitized larvae compared to those of nonparasitized larvae. These results indicated the possibility that the decrease in susceptibility to diazinon was due to the elevated activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP), respectively. The GST activities in parasitized larvae were significantly higher than those of nonparasitized ones starting from three days post-parasitization until emergence of parasitoid larva. High GST activities during late parasitism could be attributed to both enzyme activities toward diazinon of parasitized P. xylostella larva itself and C. plutellae larva inside larval host. High GST activity one day after parasitization, although statistical significance was not detected, was caused by polydnavirus (PDV) and the venom of C. plutellae not by parasitoid larvae. Artificial injection of PDV plus venom demonstrated that the resulting increase in GST activity is similar to the increase brought by parasitization. High CYP activity after 3 days post-parasitization in parasitized larva was attributed mainly to the activity of parasitoid larva. Carboxylesterase activity in the parasitized host remained at a high level, while that in the nonparasitized host decreased slightly as pupation approaches. On the other hand, acetylcholinesterase activity also remained constant after parasitization until larval emergence, while that of the nonparasitized hosts decreased gradually as the host larvae approach pupation. These results were supported by inhibition tests using diazoxon in vitro. Glutathione-S-transferase/ Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase/ Polydnavirus/ Venom/ Diazinon