N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Citations: 1) Luke, M; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1975, 58, 1020
Citations: 2) Koinecke, A; Fresenius J Anal Chem 1994, 349, 301
Citations: 3) Specht, W; Fresenius J Anal Chem 1995, 353, 183
Citations: 4) Krijgsmann, W; J Chromatogr 1976, 177, 201
Citations: 5) Stan, H; J Chromatogr 1983, 268, 55
Citations: 6) Andersson, A; J Anal Chem 1991, 339, 365
Citations: 7) Tindle, R; Anal Chem 1972, 44, 1768
Citations: 8) Specht, W; Fresenius Z Anal Chem 1980, 301, 300
Citations: 9) Specht, W; Fresenius J Anal Chem 1985, 322, 443
Citations: 10) Roos, A; Anal Chim Acta 1987, 196, 95
Citations: 11) Stan, H; J Chromatogr 1989, 467, 85
Citations: 12) Pensyna, G; Anal Chem 1976, 48, 1362
Citations: 13) Stan, H; HP Pesticide Library 1989
Citations: 14) Fillion, J; J Selwyn, JAOAC Int 1995, 78, 1252
Citations: 15) de Kok, A; Poster Presented at the 2nd European Pesticide Residue Workshop 1998
Citations: 16) Stan, H; J Chromatogr A 1996, 750, 369
Citations: 17) Wiley, P; Abstracts of the 1st European Pesticide Residue Workshop 1996
Citations: 18) Cook, J; JAOAC Int 1999, 82, 313
Citations: 19) Stan, H; Intell Instrum & Comp 1987, 5, 103
Citations: 20) Goebel, H; J Chromatogr 1983, 279, 523
Citations: 21) Stan, H; in preparation
Citations: 22) Asmussen, C; J High Resolut Chromatogr 1998, 21, 597
Citations: 23) van der Hoff, G; J Chromatogr A 1999, 843, 301
Citations: 24) van Zoonen, P; Analytical Methods for Pesticides Residues in Foodstuffs, The Inspectorate for Health Protection, Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sport, 6th ed 1996
Citations: 25) Anon; Methodensammlung zur Ruckstandsanalytik vor Pflantzenschutzmitteln 1991, 1
Citations: 26) Health Protection Branch; Manual on Analytical Methods on Pesticide Residues in Foods 1985, 107
Citations: 27) Food And Drug Administration; Pesticide Analytical Methods 1 1994
Citations: 28) Anon; Materials and Methods Used for Pesticide Residues Monitoring in Sweden 1986, 38, 79
Citations: 29) Tuinstra, L; J Chromatogr 1991, 552, 259
Citations: 30) Sojo, L; J Chromatogr A 1997, 788, 141 pesticide/ residue/ detection/ food/ GC/ MS

Stanek, Katja, Drobne, Damjana, and Trebse, Polonca ( Linkage of biomarkers along levels of biological complexity in juvenile and adult diazinon fed terrestrial isopod (Porcellio scaber, Isopoda, Crustacea). Chemosphere In Press, Corrected Proof.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO SOURCE.

In parallel laboratory experiments, we determined the effect of a typical representative of organophosphorous pesticides, diazinon, on AChE activity, lipid, protein and glycogen content, weight change, feeding activity and mortality of juvenile and adult terrestrial isopods Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea). Organophosphorous pesticides (OP) are among the most extensively used pesticides, which have replaced organochlorine pesticides. OPs inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting in neurotoxicity. They have more widespread effects on non-target organisms than do organochlorine pesticides. The aim of this study was to link effect of diazinon on target enzyme to energy reserves and to integrated biomarker responses in juvenile and adult P. scaber. The non-observed effect concentration (NOEC) for AChE activity after diazinon exposure in two weeks toxicity study with isopods was below 5 [mu]g/g diazinon. There was a good agreement between concentrations at which AChE and survival were affected (10 [mu]g/g diazinon in juveniles, 100 [mu]g/g diazinon in adults). We revealed a link among AChE activity, protein content and mortality. Glycogen and lipid content, feeding activity and weight change were not affected in two weeks diazinon exposure up to 100 [mu]g/g diazinon. Juveniles were affected at concentrations that were an order of magnitude lower than those provoking similar effects on adults. Recommendations are made for future toxicity studies with terrestrial isopods. Terrestrial isopod/ Porcellio scaber/ Diazinon/ Toxicity/ AChE activity/ Survival/ Growth/ Energy reserves/ Biomarkers

Steen, R J, van der Vaart, J, Hiep, M, Van Hattum, B, Cofino, W P, and Brinkman, U A (2001). Gross fluxes and estuarine behaviour of pesticides in the Scheldt estuary (1995-1997). Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 115: 65-79.
Chem Codes: SZ,MTL Rejection Code: NO SPECIES.

As part of the Fluxes of Agrochemicals into the Marine Environment (FAME) project, the gross fluxes of selected pesticides (i.e. the herbicides atrazine, simazine, alachlor and metolachlor, the atrazine degradation product desethylatrazine, the insecticide dichlorvos and the antifouling agent Irgarol 1051) transported by the river Scheldt and the Canal Ghent-Terneuzen were determined from March 1995 through February 1997. In general, the observed temporal trends were related to the application period of the pesticides, except for metolachlor for which elevated concentrations were observed in the winter of 1995-1996. Relatively large gross fluxes were found for desethylatrazine compared with its parent compound. A study on the estuarine behaviour of pesticides showed distinct differences between the compound classes. The mixing plots of the organophosphorus insecticides dichlorvos and diazinon revealed clear evidence of estuarine loss processes which agrees with their low DT50 values reported for water/sediment systems, their relatively high Henry's law constants and, for diazinon, its relatively high Koc value. The mixing plots of the acetanilides alachlor and metolachlor were strongly influenced by an additional direct emission into the estuary, which was evident from a maximum in dissolved concentration near a salinity of 10@1000. An apparent conservative behaviour was observed for the triazine compounds atrazine and Irgarol 1051. This was in contrast to simazine, which showed an apparent non-conservative behaviour. However, the time profiles of the riverine concentrations of simazine did not exclude that the observed curvature was solely caused by estuarine losses; therefore, additional modelling is required. In a follow-up study a suitable hydrological model of the Scheldt estuary was constructed; the results will be presented in a forthcoming paper (Steen, R.J.C.A., Evers, E.H.G., Van Hattum, B., Cofino, W.P. and Brinkman, U.A.Th. Net fluxes of pesticides from the Scheldt estuary into the North Sea: a model approach. Environmental Pollution, submitted. [Journal Article; In English; England] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45GVMYX-4XH/2/34259cd864ce08ba2ac804dae773f381

Steen, R. J. C. A., Leonards, P. E. G., Brinkman, U. A. T., Barcelo, J., Tronczynski, J., Albanis, T. A., and Cofino, W. P. (1999). Ecological Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals in European Estuaries. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 18: 1574-1581.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Steen, R. J. C. A., van der Vaart, J., Hiep, M., Van Hattum, B., Cofino, W. P., and Brinkman, U. A. Th. (2001). Gross fluxes and estuarine behaviour of pesticides in the Scheldt Estuary (1995-1997). Environmental Pollution 115: 65-79.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

As part of the Fluxes of Agrochemicals into the Marine Environment (FAME) project, the gross fluxes of selected pesticides (i.e. the herbicides atrazine, simazine, alachlor and metolachlor, the atrazine degradation product desethylatrazine, the insecticide dichlorvos and the antifouling agent Irgarol 1051) transported by the river Scheldt and the Canal Ghent-Terneuzen were determined from March 1995 through February 1997. In general, the observed temporal trends were related to the application period of the pesticides, except for metolachlor for which elevated concentrations were observed in the winter of 1995-1996. Relatively large gross fluxes were found for desethylatrazine compared with its parent compound. A study on the estuarine behaviour of pesticides showed distinct differences between the compound classes. The mixing plots of the organophosphorus insecticides dichlorvos and diazinon revealed clear evidence of estuarine loss processes which agrees with their low DT50 values reported for water/sediment systems, their relatively high Henry's law constants and, for diazinon, its relatively high Koc value. The mixing plots of the acetanilides alachlor and metolachlor were strongly influenced by an additional direct emission into the estuary, which was evident from a maximum in dissolved concentration near a salinity of 10[per mille sign]. An apparent conservative behaviour was observed for the triazine compounds atrazine and Irgarol 1051. This was in contrast to simazine, which showed an apparent non-conservative behaviour. However, the time profiles of the riverine concentrations of simazine did not exclude that the observed curvature was solely caused by estuarine losses; therefore, additional modelling is required. In a follow-up study a suitable hydrological model of the Scheldt estuary was constructed; the results will be presented in a forthcoming paper (Steen, R.J.C.A., Evers, E.H.G., Van Hattum, B., Cofino, W.P. and Brinkman, U.A.Th. Net fluxes of pesticides from the Scheldt estuary into the North Sea: a model approach. Enviromental Pollution, submitted). Pesticides/ Gross fluxes/ Estuarine behaviour/ Mixing plots/ Scheldt estuary

STEIN, R., ANDO, C., and WHITE, J. (1992). MONITORING REGIONAL AERIAL MOVEMENT AND DEPOSITION OF THREE ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES. 203RD ACS (AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY) NATIONAL MEETING, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, APRIL 5-10, 1992. ABSTR PAP AM CHEM SOC; 203 (1-3). 1992. AGRO98.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PARSLEY AGRICULTURAL USE DIAZINON PARATHION CHLORPYRIFOS Congresses/ Biology/ Climate/ Ecology/ Meteorological Factors/ Ecology/ Plants/ Biochemistry/ Movement/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants

Steinberg, C. E. W., Sturm, A., Kelbel, J., Lee, S. K., Hertkorn, N., Freitag, D., and Kettrup, A. A. (1992). Changes of Acute Toxicity of Organic Chemicals to Daphnia magna in the Presence of Dissolved Humic Material (DHM). Acta Hydrochim.Hydrobiol. 20: 326-332.

EcoReference No.: 4056

Chemical of Concern: DZ,24DC,PCP,4NP; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONC(DZ),OK(24DC,4NP),NO ENDPOINT(PCP).

Steinberg, C. E. W., Xu, Y., Lee, S. K., Freitag, D., and Kettrup, A. (1993). Effect of Dissolved Humic Material (DHM) on Bioavailability of Some Organic Xenobiotics to Daphnia magna. Chem.Spec.Bioavail. 5: 1-9.

EcoReference No.: 13435

Chemical of Concern: DFZ,DZ,PCP; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT,CONTROL(DZ,PCP).

STEINBERG, C. EW, XU, Y., LEE SK, FREITAG, D., and KETTRUP, A. (1993). Effect of dissolved humic material (DHM) on bioavailability of some organic xenobiotics to Daphnia magna. CHEM SPECIATION BIOAVAILABILITY; 5 1-9.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: PCP Rejection Code: FATE.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of dissolved humic material (DHM) on the bioconcentration of six organic xenobiotics-chlorobenzuron (CCU), diflubenzuron (DFB), terbutylazine (TBA), diazinon, 4-chloroaniline (4-CA) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) to Daphnia magna (Straus) in laboratory experiments were investigated. Commercial Aldrich humic acids (A-DHM) were used as the sources of DHM. 24 h bioconcentrations (BC24) for these xenobiotics were determined in the presence of 0, 0.5, 5.0, 10, 20 and 50 mg L-1 TOC. With diazinon, 4-CA and PCP 48 h bioconcentrations (BC48) were determined as well. The bioconcentrations (BC) of CCU and diazinon, were significantly reduced, when DHM concentrations increased. The effect on the other chemicals was insignificant. With diazinon DHM exhibited a distinct time-dependency: BC48 lay significantly below BC24-values. The observed reduction of bioavailability to Daphnia magna was attributed to the binding of the organic chemicals to DHM, which was quantitatively me Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Anatomy, Comparative/ Animal/ Arthropods/Physiology/ Physiology, Comparative/ Pathology/ Crustacea

Stelzle, Martin and Sackmann, Erich (1989). Sensitive detection of protein adsorption to supported lipid bilayers by frequency-dependent capacitance measurements and microelectrophoresis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 981: 135-142.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

In the first part, we report experiments which enable the sensitive detection of protein adsorption to lipid bilayers deposited onto chromium electrodes on glass substrates by frequency-dependent capacitance measurements. The sensitivity of the present type of sensor (better than 0.3 nm average protein layer thickness) is at least equivalent to that of ellipsometry. A high specific resistance of the supported bilayer of (1-5) [middle dot] 105 [Omega] [middle dot] cm2 is achieved by deposition of a tightly packed (crystalline) cadmium arachidate monolayer in contact with the substrate, whereas the outer monolayer can be more loosely packed (fluid phase or state of fluid-solid coexistence) which is essential for the incorporation of receptors. In the present work, charged lipids are incorporated as nonspecific receptors for polylysine and cytochrome c. The capacitance measurements provide a very sensitive test of the tightness and the long-time stability of the supported bilayers and, in combination with ellipsometric thickness measurements, enable estimations of dielectric properties of protein layers (such as the permittivity). In the second part, we report first electrophoresis experiments in asymmetric bilayers on substrates which enable simultaneous measurements of lateral diffusion coefficients and frictional coefficients between monolayers. The potential application of the electrophoretic effect for the differentiation between different receptors and the amplification of signals in biosensors is discussed. Supported bilayer/ Biosensor/ Langmuir-Blodgett film/ Protein adsorption/ Lipid bilayer/ Microelectrophoresis

Stephan, C. E., Mount, D. I., Hansen, D. J., Gentile, J. H., Chapman, G. A., and Brungs, W. A. (1985). Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses, National Technical Information Services, Springfield, VA. U.S.EPA (PB85-227049).
Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 54512
Chemical of Concern: NYP,TBT,Cr,CN,As,ACL,ACE,ACY,ADC,NH,Al,Ag,Cd,Se,ATZ,DZ,Pb,Ni,Zn Rejection Code: METHODS.

Steurbaut, W., Dejonckheere, W., and Drieghe, S. ( Pesticide residues after aerial application in greenhouses. 60: 599-609 CODEN: MFLBER.

Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

Residues of some frequently used pesticides are monitored in greenhouses after several modes of application and under varying conditions: dichlorvos, methamidophos, azinphos-Me, diazinon, chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, methomyl, bifenthrin, benomyl. The distribution of the residues was detd. in the air and on different surfaces (plants, soils, walls, clothes and exposed body parts of the applicator). The physicochem. properties of the pesticides affect the presence in the air (vapor pressure) and the surface deposits (adsorption, persistence). The mode of application is very important. High-vol. hydraulic spraying results in high deposits on the lower surfaces and on the applicator, while low-vol. misting ("cold fogging") gives rise to relative higher aerial concns. and also more deposites on higher construction surfaces. Climatic factors, such as increased temp., results in higher initial residues in the air but also in an accelerated breakdown in the air and on surfaces. Also the orientation, structure, isolation and construction materials of the greenhouses and the size and shape of the plant canopy can influence the importance and the homogeneous distribution of the residues. Certain materials can have a slow release effect and stationary layers with higher levels can be formed in the canopy due to the formation of stationary air layers. Construction and isolation can be the cause of local accumulation sites. Aerial treatment of greenhouses is very dependent on a multitude of interfering factors. A general approach for risk assessment is open to many questions, making modeling very debatable.

Steurbaut, W., Dejonckheere, W., and Drieghe, S. (1995). Pesticide residues after aerial application in greenhouses. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige En Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 60 : 599-609.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: MOM Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Pesticide residues of some frequently used pesticides are monitored in greenhouses after several modes of application and under varying conditions and circumstances: dichlorvos, methamidophos, azinphos-methyl, diazinon, chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, methomyl, bifenthrin, benomyl. The distribution of the residues was determined in the air and on different surfaces (plants, soil, walls, clothes and exposed body parts of the applicator). The physicochemical properties of the pesticides play an important role on the presence in the air (vapor pressure) and the surface deposits (adsorption, persistence). Also the mode of application is very important: high volume hydraulic spraying results in high deposits on the lower surfaces and the applicator while low volume misting ("cold fogging") gives rise to relative higher aerial concentrations and also more deposits on higher construction surfaces. Climatic factors such as increased temperature results in higher initial residues in

KEYWORDS: Toxicology-General
KEYWORDS: Public Health: Environmental Health-Occupational Health
KEYWORDS: Pest Control

Stevens, M. M. (1991). Insecticide Treatments Used Against a Rice Bloodworm, Chironomus tepperi (Diptera: Chironomidae): Toxicity and Residual Effects in Water. J.Econ.Entomol. 84: 795-800.

EcoReference No.: 45075

Chemical of Concern: CPY,DZ,MLN,TCF; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(DZ).

Stevenson, J. H. (1978). The Acute Toxicity of Unformulated Pesticides to Worker Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.). Plant Pathol. 27: 38-40.

EcoReference No.: 38931

Chemical of Concern: RSM,CBL,CHD,CPY,DDT,DZ,DLD,EN,HCCH,DMB,DZM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS,TARGET-DZ).

Stillwell, William, Jenski, Laura J., Zerouga, Mustapha, and Dumaual, Alfred C. (2000). Detection of lipid domains in docosahexaenoic acid-rich bilayers by acyl chain-specific FRET probes. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 104: 113-132.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

A major problem in defining biological membrane structure is deducing the nature and even existence of lipid microdomains. Lipid microdomains have been defined operationally as heterogeneities in the behavior of fluorescent membrane probes, particularly the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-NBD-PE) and (N-lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-Rh-PE). Here we test a variety of N-NBD-PEs and N-Rh-PEs containing: (a) undefined acyl chains, (b) liquid crystalline- and gel-state acyl chains, and (c) defined acyl chains matching those of phase separated membrane lipids. The phospholipid bilayer systems employed represent a liquid crystalline/gel phase separation and a cholesterol-driven fluid/fluid phase separation; phase separation is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. We tested the hypothesis that acyl chain affinities may dictate the phase into which N-NBD-PE and N-Rh-PE FRET probes partition. While these FRET probes were largely successful at tracking liquid crystalline/gel phase separations, they were less useful in following fluid/fluid separations and appeared to preferentially partition into the liquid-disordered phase. Additionally, partition measurements indicate that the rhodamine-containing probes are substantially less hydrophobic than the analogous NBD probes. These experiments indicate that acyl chain affinities may not be sufficient to employ acyl chain-specific N-NBD-PE/N-Rh-PE FRET probes to investigate phase separations into biologically relevant fluid/fluid lipid microdomains. Lipid microdomains/ Lipid phase separation/ Membrane structure/ FRET probes

Stillwell, William, Yu Fong Cheng, and Wassall, Stephen R. (1990). Plant sterol inhibition of abscisic acid-induced perturbations in phospholipid bilayers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1024: 345-351.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Abscisic acid (ABA)-induced phospholipid bilayer perturbations (permeability and lipid vesicle aggregation) are shown to be reversed by incorporation of a commercially available mixture of plant sterols (60% [beta]-sitosterol, 27% campesterol and 13% dihydrobrassicasterol) into the membranes. As little and 5 membrane mol% plant sterol inhibits ABA-stimulated permeability of both saturated and unsaturated mixed phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers to the fluorescent anion carboxyfluorescein by more than 50%. The same conclusion was reached by an osmotic swelling technique for the uncharged permeant solute erythritol. Hormone-induced carboxyfluorescein permeability to mixed acyl chain phosphatidylcholine bilayers was similarly inhibited by the sterols, but only if the membranes were tested at a temperature where liquid crystal and gel states coexist. The plant sterols were also shown to prevent the ABA-induced fusion of mixed phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. The ABA effect on membranes is inhibited equally by plant sterols as well as cholesterol. From these experiments a possible role is suggested for plant sterols in controlling the mode of action of ABA. Abscisic acid/ Sterol/ Sitosterol/ Campesterol/ Phospholipid bilayer/ Membrane

STIMMANN MW and FERGUSON MP (1990). PROGRESS REPORT VICE PRESIDENT'S TASK FORCE ON PEST CONTROL ALTERNATIVES POTENTIAL PESTICIDE USE CANCELLATIONS IN CALIFORNIA USA. CALIF AGRIC; 44 12-16.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM FARMING INDUSTRY CROP INDUSTRY AGRICHEMICAL BAN LEGISLATION GOVERNMENT REGULATION SAFE DRINKING WATER AND TOXIC ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1986 FEDERAL INSECTICIDE FUNGICIDE AND RODENTICIDE ACT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT OF Legislation/ Organization and Administration/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Plants/Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Arachnida/ Entomology/Economics

Stone, W. B. and Gradoni, P. B. (1985(Recd). RECENT POISONINGS OF WILD BIRDS BY DIAZINON AND CARBOFURAN. Northeast Environ Sci 4 : 1986).
Chem Codes: CBF Rejection Code: SURVEY/INCIDENT.

ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BRANTA-BERNICLA CONSERVATION

KEYWORDS: Ecology
KEYWORDS: Biochemical Studies-General
KEYWORDS: Pathology
KEYWORDS: Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology
KEYWORDS: Public Health: Environmental Health-Air
KEYWORDS: Pest Control
KEYWORDS: Economic Entomology-Chemical and Physical Control
KEYWORDS: Anseriformes

Stone, W. B. and Knoch, H. (1982). American Brant Killed on Golf Courses by Diazinon. New York Fish and Game Journal [N.Y. FISH. GAME J.]. Vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 95-96. 1982.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: INCIDENT.

ISSN: 0028-7210