N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

Morrissey, B. F., Harter, L. C., Cropley, J. M., and Burgess, J. L. (2004). Residential Phaseout of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon: Reductions in Reported Human Exposure Cases in Washington State. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology [J. Toxicol.: Clin. Toxicol.]. Vol. 42, no. 5, p. 806. Aug 2004.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ISSN: 0731-3810

Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Consumers
Descriptors: organophosphates
Descriptors: USA, Washington
Abstract: A phase-out of most residential uses of two organophosphate (OP) insecticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, was initiated in June and December 2000. Retail sale to consumers was permitted until December 2001 for chlorpyrifos and December 2004 for diazinon.
Conference: 2004 North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington (USA), 9-14 Sep 2004
Publisher: Marcel Dekker Journals, 270 Madison Ave. New York NY 10016-0602 USA
Language: English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Publication Type: Conference
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Subfile: Toxicology Abstracts

MORTIMER RD and DAWSON BA (1991). A study to determine the feasibility of using phosphorus-31 NMR for the analysis of organophosphorus insecticide residues in cole crops. J AGRIC FOOD CHEM; 39: 911-916.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMT Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. It is not generally recognized that 31P NMR spectroscopy is now sensitive enough to be used for the analysis of organophosphorus insecticide residues without resorting to the extraction of large samples or the use of prolonged NMR acquistion times. The analysis of pesticides, such as disulfoton, diazinon, dimethoate, parathion, and azinphos-methyl, has been demonstrated to be feasible at 0.5 ppm on broccoli and cabbage. Isotopes/ Radiation/ Biochemistry/Methods/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/Methods/ Food Technology/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Vegetables/ Food Analysis/ Food Technology/ Food Additives/Poisoning/ Food Additives/Toxicity/ Food Contamination/ Food Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Poisoning/ Food Preservatives/Toxicity/ Biophysics/ Plants/Chemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/Physiology/ Plants/Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Moscioni, A. David, Engel, Judith L., and Casida, John E. (1977). Kynurenine formamidase inhibition as a possible mechanism for certain teratogenic effects of organophosphorus and methylcarbamate insecticides in chicken embryos. Biochemical Pharmacology 26: 2251-2258.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

At least two types of developmental anomalies are induced in chicken embryos by certain organophosphorus (OP) and methylcarbamate (MC) insecticides. One of them (Type I) leads to micromelia and abnormal feathering and another (Type II) involves arthrogryposis, wry neck and rumplessness. Type I but not type II teratogenesis is associated with a lowered embryo NAD level and is alleviated on restoring the NAD level by administration of intermediates in the tryptophan to NAD biosynthetic pathway. These and other observations with chicken embryos suggest but do not in themselves establish that impairment in the conversion of tryptophan to NAD, possibly by inhibition of kynurenine formamidase, leads to type I teratogenesis. This hypothesis is supported by finding that mouse liver kynurenine formamidase is extremely sensitive to in vivo inhibition by those OP and MC compounds which are the most potent NAD lowering agents and teratogens in the chicken embryo, i.e. crotonamide phosphates and pyrimidyl phosphorothionates such as dicrotophos and diazinon and MC compounds such as carbaryl. Teratological or other toxicological manifestations of kynurenine formamidase inhibition are probably restricted to species and developmental stages where reduced enzyme activity significantly impairs maintenance of normal levels of NAD or other essential biochemicals derived from kynurenine.

Moser, V. C. (1995). Comparisons of the Acute Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors Using a Neurobehavioral Screening Battery in Rats. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 17: 617-625 .

EcoReference No.: 83781

Chemical of Concern: ADC,DZ,CBL,PRN,CPY,FNTH; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,PHY; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Moser, V. C., Casey, M., Hamm, A., Carter WHJr, Simmons, J. E., and Gennings, C. (2005). Neurotoxicological and Statistical Analyses of a Mixture of Five Organophosphorus Pesticides Using a Ray Design. Toxicological Sciences [Toxicol. Sci.]. Vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 101-115. Jul 2005.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: MODELING.

ISSN: 1096-6080

Descriptors: Malathion
Descriptors: Motor activity
Descriptors: Brain
Descriptors: Statistical analysis
Descriptors: Cholinesterase
Descriptors: Blood
Descriptors: gait
Descriptors: Chlorpyrifos
Descriptors: Dimethoate
Descriptors: Mathematical models
Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Organophosphorus compounds
Descriptors: Neurotoxicity
Abstract: Environmental exposures generally involve chemical mixtures instead of single chemicals. Statistical models such as the fixed-ratio ray design, wherein the mixing ratio (proportions) of the chemicals is fixed across increasing mixture doses, allows for the detection and characterization of interactions among the chemicals. In this study, we tested for interaction(s) in a mixture of five organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, acephate, and malathion). The ratio of the five pesticides (full ray) reflected the relative dietary exposure estimates of the general population as projected by the US EPA Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM). A second mixture was tested using the same dose levels of all pesticides, but excluding malathion (reduced ray). The experimental approach first required characterization of dose-response curves for the individual OPs to build a dose-additivity model. A series of behavioral measures were evaluated in adult male Long-Evans rats at the time of peak effect following a single oral dose, and then tissues were collected for measurement of cholinesterase (ChE) activity. Neurochemical (blood and brain cholinesterase [ChE] activity) and behavioral (motor activity, gait score, tail-pinch response score) endpoints were evaluated statistically for evidence of additivity. The additivity model constructed from the single chemical data was used to predict the effects of the pesticide mixture along the full ray (10-450 mg/kg) and the reduced ray (1.75-78.8 mg/kg). The experimental mixture data were also modeled and statistically compared to the additivity models. Analysis of the 5-OP mixture (the full ray) revealed significant deviation from additivity for all endpoints except tail-pinch response. Greater-than-additive responses (synergism) were observed at the lower doses of the 5-OP mixture, which contained non-effective dose levels of each of the components. The predicted effective doses (ED20, ED50) were about half that predicted by additivity, and for brain ChE and motor activity, there was a threshold shift in the dose-response curves. For the brain ChE and motor activity, there was no difference between the full (5-OP mixture) and reduced (4-OP mixture) rays, indicating that malathion did not influence the non-additivity. While the reduced ray for blood ChE showed greater deviation from additivity without malathion in the mixture, the non-additivity observed for the gait score was reversed when malathion was removed. Thus, greater-than-additive interactions were detected for both the full and reduced ray mixtures, and the role of malathion in the interactions varied depending on the endpoint. In all cases, the deviations from additivity occurred at the lower end of the dose-response curves.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, Oxford Journals, Great Clarendon Street Oxford OX2 6DP UK, [mailto:[e-mail]], [URL:http://www3.oup.co.uk/jnls/]
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Classification: P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Classification: H 14000 Toxicology
Classification: N3 11105 Primates
Subfile: Health & Safety Science Abstracts; Environmental Engineering Abstracts; CSA Neurosciences Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

MOSS MO (1991). INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL BIOCIDES ON MYCOTOXIN FORMATION IN CEREALS. CHELKOWSKI, J. (ED.). DEVELOPMENTS IN FOOD SCIENCE, VOL. 26. CEREAL GRAIN: MYCOTOXINS, FUNGI AND QUALITY IN DRYING AND STORAGE. XXII+607P. ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V.: AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS; (DIST. IN THE USA AND CANADA BY ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING CO., INC.: NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA). ILLUS. MAPS. ISBN 0-444-88554-4.; 0 (0). 1991. 281-295.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ASPERGILLUS-PARASITICUS FUSARIUM-SPOROTRICHIOIDES PENICILLIUM-CITRINUM PENICILLIUM-URTICAE WHEAT MAIZE BARLEY INSECTICIDES FUNGICIDES HERBICIDES Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Biophysics/ Nutrition/ Plants/Physiology/ Plants/Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/Metabolism/ Grasses/Growth & Development/ Soil/ Fungi/ Plant Diseases/ Plant Diseases/ Preventive Medicine/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Mitosporic Fungi/ Grasses

MOUSTACCHI, E., CARERE, A., MORPURGO, G., RAMEL, C., and WURGLER FE (1986). ASSAYS FOR GENETIC CHANGES IN FUNGI. MONTESANO, R., ET AL. (ED.). IARC (INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER) SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, NO. 83. LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM ASSAYS FOR CARCINOGENS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL. III+564P. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS: NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA; IARC: LYON, FRANCE. ILLUS. PAPER. ISBN 92-832-1183-9.; 0 (0). 1986 (1987). 303-350.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES-POMBE NEUROSPORA-CRASSA ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS Plants/Cytology/ Plants/Genetics/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Carcinogens/ Mycoses/ Ascomycota/ Mitosporic Fungi

Moye, H. A., Marshall, M. R., and Merlino, W. (1997). Extraction Of Moderately Water Soluble Pesticides From Marine Waters Using Membrane And Bed Type Solid Phase Extraction Disks. 214: Agro 99.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ, CHLOR Rejection Code: CHEM METHOD.

biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract methodology pesticides solid-phase extraction alachlor pesticide residue determination marine water concentration atrazine bromacil chlorothalonil chlorpyrifos diazinon endosulfan simazine trifluralin pollution biochemistry and biophysics bed type disk membrane type disk extraction method general biology-symposia, transactions and proceedings of conferences, congresses, revie/ ecology/ environmental biology-general/ methods/ biochemical studies-general/ biophysics-general biophysical studies/ toxicology-environmental and industrial toxicology/ public health: environmental health-air, water and soil pollution/ pest control, general/ pesticides/ herbicides

Moyer, L. and Cross, J. ( Pesticide Monitoring: Illinois Epa's Summary Of Results, 1985-1989.
Chem Codes: CHLOR Rejection Code: SURVEY/NO SPECIES.

td3: in october 1985, the illinois environmental protection agency (iepa) expanded pesticide monitoring in surface waters to include herbicides and organophosphate insecticides commonly used in agricultural practices. pesticides selected include seven herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, butylate, cyanazine, metolachlor, metribuzin, trifluralin), seven organophosphate insecticides (chloropyrifos, diazinon, fonofos, malathion, methyl parathion, phorate, terbufos) and one fungicide (captan). monitoring efforts included the establishment of the pesticide monitoring subnetwork within iepa's existing ambient water quality monitoring network (awqmn) as well as intensive monitoring related to storm event runoff. the pesticide subnetwork consists of 30 stations within the 208 station awqmn, and are located in predominately agricultural watersheds in illinois. intensive monitoring related to storm event runoff was conducted at two stations; macoupin creek in macoupin county and spring creek in sangamon county. the report summarizes surface water results from both monitoring efforts and provides future considerations regarding iepa's pesticide monitoring programs. pesticides/ environmental monitoring/ water pollution sampling, agricultural chemicals, herbicides, insecticides, storm water runoff, us epa, forecasting, fungicides, agricultural runoff, watersheds, illinois, surface waters, organic phosphates

Moyer, L. and Cross, J. (1990). Pesticide monitoring: Illinois EPA's summary of results, 1985-1989.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

Descriptors: pollution monitoring

Descriptors: pesticides
Descriptors: water quality
Descriptors: agricultural runoff
Descriptors: water pollution
Descriptors: stormwater runoff
Descriptors: USA, Illinois
Abstract: In October 1985, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) expanded pesticide monitoring in surface waters to include herbicides and organophosphate insecticides commonly used in agricultural practices. Pesticides selected include seven herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, butylate, cyanazine, metolachlor, metribuzin, trifluralin), seven organophosphate insecticides (chloropyrifos, diazinon, fonofos, malathion, methyl parathion, phorate, terbufos) and one fungicide (captan). Monitoring efforts included the establishment of the Pesticide Monitoring Subnetwork within IEPA's existing Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Network (AWQMN) as well as intensive monitoring related to storm event runoff. The pesticide subnetwork consists of 30 stations within the 208 station AWQMN, and are located in predominately agricultural watersheds in Illinois. Intensive monitoring related to storm event runoff was conducted at two stations; Macoupin Creek in Macoupin County and Spring Creek in Sangamon County. The report summarizes surface water results from both monitoring efforts and provides future considerations regarding IEPA's pesticide monitoring programs.
NTIS Order No.: PB91-201459/GAR.
Other numbers: IEPA/WPC/90-297
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Report
Environmental Regime: Freshwater
Classification: Q5 01505 Prevention and control
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality

Mui, B., Ahkong, Q. F., Chow, L., and Hope, M. J. (2000). Membrane perturbation and the mechanism of lipid-mediated transfer of DNA into cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1467: 281-292.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Mixtures of cationic lipids and unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine are used extensively for the intracellular delivery of plasmids and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) in vitro. However, the mechanism by which cytoplasmic delivery of these large molecules is achieved remains unclear. The common hypothesis is that phosphatidylethanolamine promotes fusion of lipid/DNA particles with endosomal membranes, but this is inconsistent with several reports that have failed to correlate the fusogenic activity of a wide variety of lipid/DNA particles, measured by lipid mixing techniques, with their transfection activity. To address this issue further we have conducted a detailed analysis of the lipid mixing and DNA transfer activity of two, physically similar but functionally different, lipid/DNA particles composed of equimolar dioleyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC). In combination with DODAC both phospholipids form almost identical lipid/DNA particles, they are endocytosed by cells to the same extent and each undergoes equivalent lipid mixing with cell membranes after uptake. Despite this, DNA transfer is 10- to 100-fold more extensive for lipid/DNA particles containing DOPE. We conclude that lipid mixing between lipid-based delivery systems and endosomal membranes must occur for DNA transfer to occur. However, the potency of different lipid/DNA particles correlates better with the ability of the exogenous lipid to disrupt membrane integrity. Fusion/ Cationic lipid/ Transfection/ Phosphatidylethanolamine/ Drug delivery/ Antisense

Muir, D. C. G., Teixeira, C., and Wania, F. (2004). Empirical and modeling evidence of regional atmospheric transport of current-use pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 2421-2432. Oct 2004.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0730-7268

Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Pollution dispersion
Descriptors: Water sampling
Descriptors: Atrazine
Descriptors: Endosulfan
Descriptors: Lakes
Descriptors: Fungicides
Abstract: Water samples from 30 lakes in Canada and the northeastern United States were analyzed for the occurrence of 27 current-use pesticides (CUPs). Eleven CUPs were frequently detected in lakes receiving agricultural inputs as well as in remote lakes hundreds of kilometers from known application areas. These included the triazine herbicide atrazine and its desethylated degradation product; the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, and dacthal; the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and disulfoton; the organochlorine insecticides alpha -endosulfan and lindane; and the fungicides chlorothalonil and flutriafol. For six of the pesticides, empirical half-distances on the order of 560 to 1,820 km were estimated from the water-concentration gradient with latitude. For most of the pesticides, a suite of assessment models failed to predict such atmospheric long-range transport behavior, unless the effect of periods of lower hydroxyl radical concentrations and dry weather were taken into account. Observations and model results suggest that under the conditions prevailing in south-central Canada (relatively high latitude, low precipitation rates), many CUPs will be able to undergo regional-scale atmospheric transport and reach lakes outside areas of agricultural application. When assessing the potential of fairly reactive and water-soluble substances to undergo long-range transport, it is imperative to account for periods of no precipitation, to assure that degradation rate constants are correct, and to apply oxidant concentrations that are valid for the region and time period of interest.
Special Issue Honoring Don Mackay.
Language: English
English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Classification: EE 40 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Remediation
Subfile: ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Environmental Engineering Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts

Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. and Merryweather, J. (1970). Ovicides in Simulium Control. Nature 221:858 (ABS) (1969) /Bull.W.H.O. 42: 174-177.

EcoReference No.: 4567

Chemical of Concern: DDVP,ABT,PYN,HCCH,DZ,MXC,DDT,FNTH,CPY,MOM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS) .

MUKERJEE, S., ELLENSON WD, LEWIS RG, STEVENS RK, SOMERVILLE MC, SHADWICK DS, and WILLIS RD (1997). An environmental scoping study in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas: III. Residential microenvironmental monitoring for air, house dust, and soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL; 23 657-673.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: SURVEY.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A principal aspect of the 1993 Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Scoping Study was the analysis and interpretation of residential air, household dust, and soil pollutant concentration data for exposure assessments. Measurements included respirable particulate matter (PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air. Household dust, road dust, and yard soil were analyzed for elements, pesticides, and PAHs. Nine residences were monitored for three weeks in the spring of 1993. Additional monitoring was conducted at six of the nine residences for ten days the following summer. Generally good agreement was found between outdoor residential air and same-species measurements collected concurrently at a non-residential central site in Brownsville, TX (Ellenson et al. 1997) for fine particulate matter, elements, and VOCs indicating the dominance of regional influences. PM2.5 mass and element concentr Climate/ Ecology/ Meteorological Factors/ Biochemistry/ Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides

Mukherjee, Soumi and Chattopadhyay, Amitabha (2005). Monitoring cholesterol organization in membranes at low concentrations utilizing the wavelength-selective fluorescence approach. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 134: 79-84.
Chem Codes : Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

We previously showed using a fluorescent analogue of cholesterol (NBD-cholesterol, or 25-[N-[(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-methyl]amino]-27-norcholesterol), that cholesterol may exhibit local organization at low concentrations in membranes by the formation of transbilayer tail-to-tail dimers of cholesterol (Rukmini, R., Rawat, S.S., Biswas, S.C., Chattopadhyay, A., 2001. Biophys. J. 81, 2122-2134). In this report, we have monitored the microenvironmental features of cholesterol monomers and dimers utilizing wavelength-selective fluorescence spectroscopy. Our results utilizing red edge excitation shift (REES) and wavelength-dependent change in fluorescence anisotropy show that the microenvironment around the NBD moieties in the dimer form is more rigid possibly due to steric constraints imposed by the dimer conformation. These results provide new information and are relevant in understanding the organization of cholesterol in membranes at low concentrations. Cholesterol organization/ Cholesterol dimers/ NBD-cholesterol/ REES/ Fluorescence anisotropy

Mukherjee, Soumi, Raghuraman, H., Dasgupta, Sudeshna, and Chattopadhyay, Amitabha (2004). Organization and dynamics of N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-labeled lipids: a fluorescence approach. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 127: 91-101.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Lipids that are labeled with the NBD (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) group are widely used as fluorescent analogues of native lipids in biological and model membranes to monitor a variety of processes. NBD-labeled lipids have previously been used to monitor the organization and dynamics of molecular assemblies such as membranes, micelles and reverse micelles utilizing the wavelength-selective fluorescence approach. In this paper, we have characterized the organization and dynamics of various NBD-labeled lipids using red edge excitation shift (REES) and other fluorescence approaches which include analysis of membrane penetration depths of the NBD group using the parallax method. We show here that the environment and location experienced by the NBD group of the NBD-labeled lipids could depend on the ionization state of the lipid. This could have potentially important implications in future studies involving NBD-labeled lipids as tracers in a cellular context. NBD-labeled lipids/ REES/ Membrane penetration depth/ Fluorescence polarization/ Ionization state/ Fluorescence lifetime

MULCHANDANI, A., KANEVA, I., and CHEN, W. (1999). Detoxification of organophosphate nerve agents by immobilized Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING; 63 216-223.