200.
576
PA R T V I I
Monetary Theory
course of the year. If on December 31, 2009, it holds $20 million of computer chips
used to produce its computers and on December 31, 2010, it holds $30 million, it
has an additional $10 million of inventory investment in 2010.
An important feature of inventory investment is that
in contrast to fixed invest-
ment, which is always planned
some inventory investment can be unplanned.
Suppose that the reason Dell finds itself with an additional $50 million of computers
on December 31, 2010, is that $50 million less of its computers were sold in 2010 than
expected. This $50 million of inventory investment in 2010 was unplanned. In this
situation, Dell is producing more computers than it can sell and will cut production.
Planned investment spending, a component of aggregate demand
Y
ad
, is equal
to planned fixed investment plus the amount of inventory investment
planned
by
firms. Keynes mentioned two factors that influence planned investment spending:
interest rates and businesses expectations about the future. How these factors affect
investment spending is discussed later in this chapter. For now, planned investment
spending will be treated as a known value. At this stage, we want to see how aggre-
gate output is determined for a given level of planned investment spending; once
we understand this, we can examine how interest rates and business expectations
influence aggregate output by affecting planned investment spending.
We have now assembled the building blocks (consumer expenditure and planned
investment spending) that will enable us to see how aggregate output is deter-
mined when we ignore the government. Although unrealistic, this stripped-down
analysis clarifies the basic principles of output determination. In another section,
government enters the picture and makes our model more realistic.
The diagram in Figure 22-2, known as the
Keynesian cross diagram
, shows how
aggregate output is determined. The vertical axis measures aggregate demand, and
the horizontal axis measures the level of aggregate output. The 45 line shows all the
points at which aggregate output
Y
equals aggregate demand
Y
ad
; that is, it shows all
the points at which the equilibrium condition
Y
*
Y
ad
is satisfied. Since government
spending and net exports are zero (
G
*
0 and
NX
*
0), aggregate demand is
Because there is no government sector to collect taxes, there are none in our
simplified economy; disposable income
Y
D
then equals aggregate output
Y
(remem-
ber that aggregate income and aggregate output are equivalent; see the Web
Appendix to Chapter 1). Thus the consumption function with
a
*
200 and
Y
ad
=
C
+
I
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