C H A P T E R 2 2
The
ISLM
Model
595
1. Go to
www.fgn.unisg.ch/eurmacro/Tutor/
keynesiancross.html
. Make sure the following set-
tings are used:
t
*
0,
G
*
200;
c
*
0.8, and
m
*
0.0.
Click on the memorize button. Note the value of
equilibrium output. Now decrease
G
by 50. What is
the value of equilibrium output? What is the implied
multiplier?
2. Go to
www.fgn.unisg.ch/eurmacro/Tutor/
keynesiancrss.html
. Make sure the following set-
tings are used:
t
*
0.25,
G
*
400;
c
*
0.8, and
m
*
0.0. Click on the memorize button. Note the
value of equilibrium output. Now decrease
G
by 50.
What is the value of equilibrium output? What is the
implied multiplier? Compare your answer with the
answer to Web Exercise Question 1.
W E B E X E R C I S E S
Be sure to visit the MyEconLab website at
www.myeconlab.com
.This online
homework and tutorial system puts you in control of your own learning with
study and practice tools directly correlated to this chapter content.
*8. If the consumption function is
C
*
100
-
0.75
Y
,
I
*
200, and government spending is 200, what will
be the equilibrium level of output? Demonstrate
your answer with a Keynesian cross diagram. What
happens to aggregate output if government spend-
ing rises by 100?
9. Consider a closed economy (
NX
*
0) and assume
the following functions
C
*
a
-
mpc
,
(
Y
-
TR
+
TA
)
I
*
I
+
bi
r
G
*
G
where
I
is autonomous investment expenditure;
i
r
is
the real interest rate,
b
> 0;
TR
denotes transfers,
which are assumed to be exogenous; and
TA
denotes taxes, which are given by
TA
*
t
,
Y
,
where
t
is the tax rate on income.
a. Derive the aggregate demand function.
b. Derive the equation for the
IS
curve.
c.
What is the slope of the
IS
curve?
d. Discuss how the slope of the
IS
curve is affected
by
b
,
t
, and
mpc
.
*10. Consider the following money demand function (in
real terms)
*
kY
+
hi
where
k
is the income elasticity and
h
is the (nomi-
nal) interest rate elasticity of real money balances.
Assume that
k
> 0 and that
h
> 0. Further assume
that the quantity of nominal money balances is fixed
by the Bank of Canada at
M
and that the price level,
P
, is also fixed at
P
.
a. Derive the equation for the
LM
curve.
b. What is the slope of the
LM
curve?
c.
Discuss how the slope of the
LM
curve is
affected by
k
and
h
.
M
P
596
Since World War II, government policymakers have tried to promote high employ-
ment without causing inflation. If the economy experiences a recession such as the
one that occurred at the time of Iraq s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, policymakers have
two principal sets of tools that they can use to affect aggregate economic activity:
monetary policy,
the control of interest rates or the money supply, and
fiscal policy,
the control of government spending and taxes.
The
ISLM
model can help policymakers predict what will happen to aggregate
output and interest rates if they decide to increase the money supply or increase
government spending. In this way,
ISLM
analysis enables us to answer some
important questions about the usefulness and effectiveness of monetary and fiscal
policy in influencing economic activity.
But which is better? When is monetary policy more effective than fiscal policy
at controlling the level of aggregate output, and when is it less effective? Will fiscal
policy be more effective if it is conducted by changing government spending
rather than changing taxes? Should the monetary authorities conduct monetary
policy by manipulating the money supply or interest rates?
In this chapter we use the
ISLM
model to help answer these questions and to
learn how the model generates the aggregate demand curve featured prominently
in the aggregate demand and supply framework (examined in Chapter 24), which
is used to understand changes not only in aggregate output but in the price level
as well. Our analysis will show why economists focus so much attention on top-
ics such as the stability of the demand for money function and whether the
demand for money is strongly influenced by interest rates.
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