BUBBLES DRIVEN SOLELY BY IRRATIONAL EXUBERANCE
Bubbles that are dri-
ven solely by overly optimistic expectations, but which are not associated with a
credit boom, pose much less risk to the financial system. For example, the bubble
in technology stocks in the late 1990s (described in Chapter 7) was not fuelled by
credit, and the bursting of the tech-stock bubble was not followed by a marked
deterioration in financial institution balance sheets. The bursting of the tech-stock
bubble thus did not have a very severe impact on the economy and the recession
that followed was quite mild. Bubbles driven solely by irrational exuberance are
therefore far less dangerous than those driven by credit booms.
One view is that central banks should not respond to bubbles. It is argued that
bubbles are nearly impossible to identify. If central banks or government officials
knew that a bubble was in progress, why wouldn t market participants know as
well? If so, then a bubble would be unlikely to develop, because market partici-
pants would know that prices were getting out of line with fundamentals. This
argument applies very strongly to asset-price bubbles that are driven by irrational
exuberance, as is often the case for bubbles in the stock market. Unless central
bank or government officials are smarter than market participants, which is
unlikely given the especially high wages that savvy market participants garner,
they will be unlikely to identify when bubbles of this type are occurring. There is
then a strong argument for not responding to these kinds of bubbles.
On the other hand, when asset-price bubbles are rising rapidly at the same time
that credit is booming, there is a greater likelihood that asset prices are deviating
from fundamentals, because laxer credit standards are driving asset prices upward.
In this case, central bank or government officials have a greater likelihood of iden-
tifying that a bubble is in progress; this was indeed the case during the housing
market bubble in the United States because these officials did have information
that lenders had weakened lending standards and that credit extension in the
mortgage markets was rising at abnormally high rates.
Not only are credit-driven bubbles possible to identify, but as we saw above, they
are the ones that are capable of doing serious damage to the economy. There is
thus a strong case for central banks to respond to possible credit-driven bubbles.
But what is the appropriate response? Should monetary policy be used to try to
prick a possible asset-price bubble that is associated with a credit boom by rais-
ing interest rates above what is desirable for keeping the economy on an even
keel? Or are there other measures that are more suited to deal with credit-driven
bubbles?
There are three strong arguments against using monetary policy to prick bub-
bles by raising interest rates more than is necessary for achieving price stability and
minimizing economic fluctuations. First, even if an asset-price bubble is of the
credit-driven variety and so can be identified, the effect of raising interest rates on
asset prices is highly uncertain. Although some economic analysis suggests that
C H A P T E R 1 8
The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Strategy and Tactics
483
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