Consider a real return bond with a face value of $1000 and a coupon yield of 2%.
Calculate the principal and coupon payment after one year if the inflation rate is 3%.
Solution
After a year, to account for inflation, the principal will be increased by 3%, from $1000
to $1030. The coupon yield is still 2%, but applies to the new principal of $1030,
80
PA R T I I
Financial Markets
1. The yield to maturity, which is the measure that most
accurately reflects the interest rate, is the interest rate
that equates the present value of future payments of
a debt instrument with its value today. Application of
this principle reveals that bond prices and interest
rates are negatively related: when the interest rate
rises, the price of the bond must fall, and vice versa.
2. The return on a security, which tells you how well
you have done by holding this security over a stated
period of time, can differ substantially from the inter-
est rate as measured by the yield to maturity. Long-
term bond prices have substantial fluctuations when
interest rates change and thus bear interest-rate risk.
The resulting capital gains and losses can be large,
which is why long-term bonds are not considered to
be safe assets with a sure return.
3. The real interest rate is defined as the nominal interest
rate minus the expected rate of inflation. It is a better
measure of the incentives to borrow and lend than the
nominal interest rate, and it is a more accurate indica-
tor of the tightness of credit market conditions than the
nominal interest rate.
S U M M A R Y
cash flows,
p. 59
consol (perpetuity),
p. 67
coupon bond,
p. 62
coupon rate,
p. 62
current yield, p. 68
discount bond
(zero-coupon bond),
p. 62
face value (par value),
p. 62
fixed-payment loan
(fully amortized loan), p. 62
indexed bond,
p. 79
interest-rate risk, p. 74
nominal interest rate,
p. 76
present discounted value, p. 59
present value,
p. 59
rate of capital gain,
p. 72
real interest rate,
p. 76
real terms, p. 77
return (rate of return),
p. 71
simple loan,
p. 59
yield to maturity, p. 63
K E Y T E R M S
You will find the answers to the questions marked with
an asterisk in the Textbook Resources section of your
MyEconLab.
*1. Write down the formula that is used to calculate the
yield to maturity on a 20-year 10% coupon bond
with $1000 face value that sells for $2000.
2. If there is a decline in interest rates, which would
you rather be holding, long-term bonds or short-
term bonds? Why? Which type of bond has the
greater interest-rate risk?
*3. Francine the Financial Adviser has just given you
the following advice: Long-term bonds are a great
investment because their interest rate is over 20%.
Is Francine necessarily right?
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