economies of scale
, the reduction in transaction costs
per dollar of transactions as the size (scale) of transactions increases. For example,
a bank knows how to find a good lawyer to produce an airtight loan contract, and
this contract can be used over and over again in its loan transactions, thus lower-
ing the legal cost per transaction. Instead of a loan contract (which may not be all
that well written) costing $500, a bank can hire a topflight lawyer for $5000 to draw
C H A P T E R 2
An Overview of the Financial System
31
The Importance of Financial Intermediaries to
Securities Markets: An International Comparison
GLOBAL
Patterns of financing corporations differ
across countries, but one key fact emerges.
Studies of the major developed countries,
including Canada, the United States, Great
Britain, Japan, Italy, Germany, and France,
show that when businesses go looking for
funds to finance their activities, they usually
obtain them indirectly through financial
intermediaries and not directly from securi-
ties markets.* Even in Canada and the United
States, which have the most developed secu-
rities markets in the world, loans from finan-
cial intermediaries are far more important for
corporate finance than securities markets are.
The countries that have made the least use of
securities markets are Germany and Japan; in
these two countries, financing from financial
intermediaries has been almost ten times
*See, for example, Colin Mayer, Financial Systems, Corporate Finance, and Economic Development, in
Asymmetric
Information, Corporate Finance, and Investment
, ed. R. Glenn Hubbard (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990),
pp. 307 332.
greater than that from securities markets.
However, after the deregulation of Japanese
securities markets in recent years, the share
of corporate financing by financial interme-
diaries has been declining relative to the use
of securities markets.
Although the dominance of financial
intermediaries over securities markets is clear
in all countries, the relative importance of
bond versus stock markets differs widely
across countries. In the United States, the
bond market is far more important as a
source of corporate finance. On average, the
amount of new financing raised using bonds
is ten times the amount using stocks. By con-
trast, countries such as France and Italy make
more use of equities markets than of the
bond markets to raise capital.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |