Ministry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan nationaluniversity of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek faculty of english philology department of English language and Literary studies

Now let us discuss main features of Canadian English.
English came to Canada in the seventeenth century when the British colonists arrived there. English is one of the national official languages (about 14 million speakers) together with French (about million speakers) in Canada.
Canadian English (CaE) has common phonetic features both with RP and GA. English, which is spoken in Ontario region, is more similar to GA than in other parts of Canada as this region is situated very close to the USA. The most specific phonetic features of CaE are the following:
a) before the voiceless consonants the first element of the diphthongs /aI/ and /au/ may be substituted by the vowels /ʌ/and /ɛ/ in words like out /ʌut/ or /ɛut /, nice /nʌIs/ or /nɛIs/, house /hʌus/or /hɛus/;
b) in word final position before the sonants /l/ , /m/, /n/, the vowel sounds as /u/,/ə/, /I/ may be added: mail /meiul/, film /filəm/, known /nouən/ etc.;
c) the vowel sound /ɔ:/ is used both in pod and pawed which sound homophonic, i.e. similar;
d) Scottish influence is apparent in Canada, especially in the use of the intermediate /a/ for /æ/ in words like man, hat, bad in the regions of Nova Scotia and Alberta. For the /au/ diphthong /ou/ and /u/ are heard, which probably reflects Scottish influence as well;
e) the American retroflex /r/ is used in CaE too, nonetheless the retroflex /r/ sounds “brighter” (further front in the Canadian Maritimes than Canada West of the French-speaking belt. It is regarded as a valid dialectological statement);
f) the glottal stop /?/ used in GA is typical of CaE too: mountain, fountain, sentence, accountant;
g) /æ/ is usually used instead of /ɑ:/ in words like path /pæθ/, task /tæsk/ etc.;
h) dark /l/ is used in CaE in almost all position: pull /pul/, fellow /fɛlau/ etc.;
i) both GB and GA forms of accentuation are used in words ending with -ary, -ory, -iry; dictionary /dIkʃənrI/ or /`dIkʃənˏɛrI/, laboratory /lə`bɔrətri/ or /ˊlæbrə ˏtɔrɪ/
j) CaE intonation possesses many features in common with both RP and GA. However it is still not scientifically investigated by the methods of instrumental phonetics.
Another type of English pronunciation is Australian English Pronunciation.
The development of the English language in Australia has its own history, which is a comparatively short one: less than two centuries (which is even less than the history of American English, comprising three and a half centuries).
The chief reasons for the development of Australian speech are linguistic and historical, though, as the majority of Australian linguists state, it is difficult to trace them very satisfactorily.
Linguistic evidence which would make it possible to follow the development of Australian speech almost does not exist. Historical knowledge of early Australian immigration is not very sufficient or precise, particularly in the matter: what parts of England the transported convicts and early free settlers came from.
Australian speech, as well as Australian pronunciation has always been subject to debate, the oldest argument being whether Australians speak cockney. Australian diphthongs assembling the cockney diphthongs have been heard in some type of Australian speech from early times. But no precise knowledges to be gained from them. Remarks were also made that there existed “good speech” and “Cockney” in Australian. However, trustworthy evidence of what happened during the first generation or two of Australian history is lacking.
Some general remarks concerning the origins of Australian pronunciation are ventured by A.G. Mitchell and A. Delbridge, Australian linguist, who have done a thorough investigation of Australian pronunciation¹³. They maintain that (1) Australian is in its origins a town speech, since the overwhelming number of convict and early settlers were from the towns,(2) it was in its origins a working class speech, the language of people who were poor and for the most part unskilled, (3) it included ways of speech characteristic of many parts of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland¹⁴.
The authors conclude that since all these forms were brought in Australia and this had never happened in England, Australian speech began as a leveling and generalization of a number of English local dialects. Moreover speech developed in Australian in a society in which there has been constant movement from place to place and social mobility from the beginning. There have been large population movements following land development, gold discovery, etc. these internal population movements, added to mobility in the social structure itself, have provided the conditions in which the national variety of English has developed in Australia, generalization and leveling of different English local dialects being dominant tendencies.
Though the demographic background to the development of Australian English is similar to the great western movement in America, there was never is Australian settlement anything like that earlier period of American settlement in which different types of speech established themselves along the Atlantic coast and farther inland. Australia does not show the regional variation of speech that is found in the United States.
According to many authorities on Australian English pronunciation it is remarkable for its comparative uniformity. G.W. Turner writes on this account: “The homogeneity of Australian English is remarkable. It would be difficult to find elsewhere a geographical area so large with so little linguistic variation. The same accent is heard through widely different climates and there is little variation in vocabulary¹⁵. Many observations lead to the conclusion that there are no local dialects in Australia. Differences in pronunciation are not distributed regionally, but rather in terms of social and personal features, such as the sex of the speaker, his age, the type of school he went to, his family background, place of birth, etc.
There are several varieties in Australian pronunciation, varieties chiefly distinguished by difference in the use of vowels. These varieties hardly constitute dialects since they are not structurally diversified, except perhaps occasionally in minor and limited features. They have no geographical or even cultural boundaries firmly drawn, and “speakers of the main varieties might be found anywhere within the same city or town, and even within the same family.
These results point to the fact that Australian English pronunciation is, generally speaking, linguistically unified.
However, to attribute uniformity to Australian speech is not suggest that all Australians speak alike. Within Australian pronunciation traditionally are distinguished three well-defined varieties: Cultivated Australian (C Aus), General Australian (G Aus) and Broad Australian (B Aus).
Cultivated Australian is an implicitly accepted norm of standard pronunciation in Australia. In its spoken form it is characterized by an attempt to preserve the vocalic features of RP. C Aus is defined by A. G. Mitchell and A. Delbridge as a “minority form” of speech in Australia, sometimes determined by the speaker’s educational level. C Aus is not restricted to the use on radio and TV, and also, in certain professions and business communities.
General Australian is the most characteristic type of Australian English pronunciation. It is, so to speak, the language of communication. According to A. G. Mitchell and A. Delbridge General Australian speech is used by people of good education and high standing in the community and is used by at least 75% of Australian. It is the type one hears on radio and TV, in cinema and theatres, and even in political speeches and parliamentary debates.
Broad Australian (or Uneducated, Popular Australian) is a substandard norm distinguished from the others chiefly by its vowel nuclei, the nature of its diphthongs and a good deal of nasality.
In spite of the fact that the three varieties of Australian English are easily identified, one can hardly draw a firm border between them. The three types of Aus E pronunciation are characterized by a high degree of sameness. At the same time they are differentiated from RP not only in the system of sounds, but also in word-stress and intonation.
Owing to increasing urbanization in Australia (incidentally, Australia is one of the highly urbanized countries in the world, about 86% of the population live in cities and towns) differences in pronunciation tend to become less marked. It is fairly accurate to say that Australian English tends to become more and more homogeneous.
The following simple vowels (monophthongs and diphthongized vowels) exist in GAu;
/i/ as in the word seat /sIt/
/ı/ » sit /sIt/
/ɛ/ » head /hɛd/
/æ/ » had /hæd/
/ʌ/ » father /ˈ fʌðƏ/
/ɔ/ » hot /hɔt/
/ɔ:/ » sort /sɔ:t/
/u/ » put /put/
/u:/ » boot /bu:t/
/ʌ/ » but /bʌt/
/ɛ/ » bird /bɛ:d/
/ə/ » alone /ə`loun/

The following diphthongs exit in GAu:

/ɛI/ as in the word day
/ou/ » so
/aI/ » try
/ʌu/ » down
/ɔ I/ » boy
/Ia/ » clear
/ɛə/ » dare
/uə/ » tour (tuə)

GAu /I/ is a diphthongized vowel as /u/ or diphthong /aI/, /I/ is more close and somewhat prolonged especially in a stressed position. GAu uses diphthong /I/ for /.I/ instead of /ɛI/: say /sI/ made /m.Id/. It often alternates between /ɛI~I~æI/ in Australian speech. GAu diphthong /aI/ sounds like /ʌɛ/, /ɔI/, /ɔ.I/: time /taIm/, /tɔIm/etc. GAu /A/ is used instead of RP /a:/: father /fðə/. The opposition /-A/ is neutralized in GAu: cut - cart, much - march sound identical, i.e. become homophones. In principal the phonetic inventory of GAu does not differ much from RP but the distribution of phonemes is different in both literary types. There are also slight differences in word accentuation and intonation between GAu and RP. But in many cases GAu is much closer to the RP pronunciation than that of GA.