-
чили (сотувчилик).
b) adjective-forming suffixes, such as : -able(separable), -less(useless),-
ous(glamorous),-ный(сильный),-ной (глазной), -ли (чиройли), - и (тузсиз).
c) verb-forming suffixes, such as-ize (modernize) , -ify (modify), -а-ть
(завтракать),
-нича-ть
(умничать),
-а
(туна), -лан (фахрлан).
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d) adverb-forming suffixes , such as : -ly (likely), -о (привычно), -и (дружески),-
лаб(челаклаб),-она(мардона).
e) numeral-forming suffixes, such as: -teen (sixteen), -ty (seventy), -надцать
(пятнадцать), -ой (-ый) (шестой),-та (иккита), -нчи (еттинчи).
2. Semantic classification . Suffixes changing the lexical meaning of the
stem can be subdivided into groups, e.g. noun-forming suffixes can denote:
a) the agent of the action, e.g. -er (experimenter), -ist (taxist), -ent (student), -
о (игрок),-чи(ишчи).
b) nationality, e.g. -ian (Russian), -ese (Japanese), -ish (English).On the contrary
with English Russian and Uzbek can show place of thenation: - ич (москвич),-
ли (Тошкентлик).
c) quality, e.g. -ness (copelessness), -ity (answerability), - чан (қизиқувчан).
d) collectivity, e.g. -dom (moviedom), -ry (peasantry, -ship (readership), -
ati(literati).
e) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie (horsie), -let (booklet), -ling (gooseling), -ette
(kitchenette).
3. Lexico-grammatical character of the stem. Suffixes which can be added
tocertaingroupsofstemsaresubdividedinto:
a) suffixes added to verbal stems, such as: -er (commuter), -ing (suffering), - able
(flyable), -ment (involvement), -ation (computerization); - т о (правительство),
-аци
(модернизация);
- ич
(кўрсаткич),
-ги
(супурги).
b) suffixes added to noun stems, such as : -less (smogless), -ful (roomful), -ism
(adventurism), -ster (pollster), -nik (filmnik), -ish (childish); -ый (гордый), -
ный(умный);- ор(пахтакор),-гар(заргар).
c) suffixes added to adjective stems, such as: -en (weaken), -ly (pinkly), -ish
(longish), -ness (clannishness); -о ть (глупость), -и- (веселье); -ли
(гўзаллик), (ёшлик).
Besides other productive ways such as conversion, compounding and
shortening also can be found in the compared languages’ word forming system.
Sound interchange is one of the ways of non-productive word formation.
And this characterizes only in the English language.The causes of sound
interchange can be different. It can be the result of Ancient Ablaut which cannot be
explained by the phonetic laws during the period of the language development
known to scientists., e.g. to strike - stroke, to sing - song etc. It can be also the
result of Ancient Umlaut or vowel mutation which is the result of palatalizing the
root vowel because of the front vowel in the syllable coming after the root
(regressive assimilation), e.g. hot - to heat (hotian), blood - to bleed (blodian) etc.
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However, stress interchange is occurred in all compared languages:to af`fix -
`affix, to con`flict- `conflict, to ex`port -`export, to ex`tract - `extract, `игры-
игр`ы, п`оля- пол`я, `янги(adv.) - янг`и (adj.), ҳ`озир(adj.) - ҳоз`ир (adv.) .
Sound imitationis the way of word-building when a word is formed by
imitating different sounds. And this type of forming words can be observed in all
languages. There are some semantic groups of words formed by means of sound
imitation:
a) sounds produced by human beings, such as:to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to
sneeze,
to
whistle
etc;
шептать,
чихатьхихикать,
бормотать;
пичирламоқ,ғўнғирламоқ,минғирламоқ.
b) sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, such as:to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to
moo,
to
twitter
etc;
лаять,
мычать,
щебетать,
вовулламоқ,
миёвламоқ,сайрамоқ.
c) sounds produced by nature and objects, such as:to splash, to rustle, to clatter, to
bubble, to ding-dong, to tinkle etc;звякать, звенеть,греметь, тақилламоқ,
шитирламоқ, тарақ-туруқ.
Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms. In blends,
two ways of word-building are combined: abbreviation and composition.Blends
formed from two synonyms are:slanguange, to hustle, gasohol etc. Mostly blends
are formed from a word-group, such as : acromania (acronym mania), cinemadict
(cinema adict), chunnel (channel, canal), dramedy (drama comedy), detectifiction
(detective fiction), faction (fact fiction) (fiction based on real facts), informecial
(information commercial) , Medicare ( medical care) , magalog ( magazine
catalogue) slimnastics (slimming gymnastics), sociolite (social elite), slanguist
( slang linguist) etc.As it is seen this type of non-producting way of word
formation characterizes mostly in English, but in Russian also can be observed
such kind of way of forming words. In this language it is called lexical-syntactic
way of forming words e.g. сумасшедший (сумасшедший), тяжелораненый
(тяжелораненный), четыреста (четыреста), наконец (наконец), сейчас
(сейчас).
The back formation is the way of word-building when a word is formed by
dropping the final morpheme to form a new word. It is opposite to suffixation, that
is why it is called back formation.E.g. it is typical of English to form nouns
denoting the agent of the action by adding the suffix -er to a verb stem (speak-
speaker). So when the French word “beggar” was borrowed into English the final
syllable “ar” was pronounced in the same way as the English -er,and Englishmen
formed the verb “to beg” by dropping the end of the noun.Another example,
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babysitter, to bach (from bachelor), to compute (from thecomputer), to emote
(from emotion). Andthis type of forming theword is one of the distinctive features
of English among Russian and Uzbek.
One of the Russian non-morphological ways of word formation is lexical
semantic, which can express the similar function with Uzbek semantic way of
forming words. This type in Russian is explained as homonymous meaning of
words which are already existed in the language, e.g
.
кулак (кисть руки,
сжатая для удара) и кулак (эксплуататор); бабка (то же, что бабушка),
бабка (надкопытный сустав ноги у животных), бабка (одна из парных
частей токарного станка), бабка (несколько снопов хлеба, уложенных
определенным образом); in Uzbek : юпқа- қалин эмас(юпқа -сифат, юпқа –
от, овқатнинг номи), кўк (ранг,- сифат, кўк-от, осмон).
The last distinctive feature of Uzbek language word formation way is
composition, which cannot be found in other compared languages. This type of
forming words is formed by combining two or more words to each other. With the
help of this type of word formation compound, pair and repeated words in Uzbek
can appear.
Finally, from the analysis of compared languages can be found several
similarities and differences in word formation process in these languages. For
instance, as a similarity, it is possible to show theexistence of types of affixation in
all languages, or amount of derived words and suffixes, which can change the
meaning from one part of speech in to another. On the contrary, as a difference can
be presented some ways of forming words in English, Russian and Uzbek, which
cannot be found in word forming system of other languages. Moreover, the main
way of word formation in English is considered compounding, while in Russian
and Uzbek it is affixation. Derived words in English mostly can be formed with
compounding, affixation and conversion, and in Russian and Uzbek can be
observed two of them besides conversion. In these languages, conversion is not
well developed.
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