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On the contrary with English prefixes Russian and Uzbek have not any classifications in prefixes but they also can show negative meaning such as не-неприятный, недоступный,or in Uzbek но-номаълум, номуносиб. But there are many other types of prefixes in the Russian and Uzbek languages such as с-, не-, сверх-, при-, раз- for forming words such спутник, неприятель, сверхранний, придавать, раздавать. There is such verb in Russian which can combine with almost all prefixes:
Ехать
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Говорить
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По-ехать
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По-говорить
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В-ехать
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За-говорить
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На-ехать
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На-говорить
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За-ехать
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Вы-говорить
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До-ехать
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Недо-говорить
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С-ехать
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Вы-ехать
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Недо-ехать
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Пере-ехать
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При-ехать
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бе-, ба-, но-, сер-, ҳам- бебаҳо, баобрў, серҳосил, ҳамшаҳар and etc. All prefixes in the Uzbek language are borrowed from the Tajik and Persian languages.
Thus, prefixation is a productive way of word formation in all languages. And they can form nouns and adjectives besides verbs. For example, in difference from English and Russian, the Uzbek language prefixes cannot form verbs, they are used for nouns and adjectives. Even though nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be formed in English in the same way as in Russian, the difference between English and Russian is that the adverbs cannot be formed by prefixation in English.
Moreover, there is another similarity of compared languages in a productive way of forming words with suffixing. The main function of suffixes in compared languages is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. ( e.g. “govern” is a verb, “government” is a noun, and “music” is a noun, “musician” is also a noun or “учить”is a verb, “учитель” is a noun,“суҳбат” is a noun, “суҳбатлашмоқ” is a verb).
There are different classifications of suffixes:
1. Part-of-speech classification. Suffixes which can form different parts of speech are given here:
a) noun-forming suffixes, such as: -er (criticizer), -dom (officialdom), -ism (ageism), -ник (работник), -ец (продавец), -увчи (ўқитувчи), -чилик (сотувчилик).
b) adjective-forming suffixes, such as: -able (separable), -less (useless),-ous (glamorous), -ный (сильный), -ной (глазной), -ли (чиройли), -сиз (тузсиз).
c) verb-forming suffixes, such as: -ize (modernize), -ify (modify), -а-ть (завтракать), -нича-ть (умничaть), -а (туна), -лан (фахрлан).
d) adverb-forming suffixes, such as: -ly (likely), -о (привычно), -и (дружески), -лаб (челаклаб), -она (мардона).
e) numeral-forming suffixes, such as: -teen (sixteen), -ty (seventy), -надцать (пятнадцать), -ой (-ый) (шестой), -та (иккита), -нчи (еттинчи).
2. Semantic classification. Suffixes changing the lexical meaning of the stem can be subdivided into groups, e.g. noun-forming suffixes can denote:
a) the agent of the action, e.g. -er (experimenter), -ist (taxist), -ent (student), -ок (игрок), -чи (ишчи).
b) nationality, e.g. -ian (Russian), -ese (Japanese), -ish (English). On the contrary with English Russian and Uzbek can show the place of the nation: -вич (москвич), -лик (Тошкентлик).
c) quality, e.g. -ness (copelessness), -ity (answerability), -увчан (қизиқувчан).
d) collectivity, e.g. -dom (moviedom), -ry (peasantry), -ship (readership), -ati (literati).
e) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie (horsie), -let (booklet), -ling (gooseling), -ette (kitchenette).
3. Lexico-grammatical character of the stem. Suffixes which can be added to certain groups of stems are subdivided into:
a) suffixes added to verbal stems, such as: -er (commuter), -ing (suffering), - able (flyable), -ment (involvement), -ation (computerization); -ство (правительство), -ация (модернизация); -кич (кўрсаткич), -ги (супурги).
b) suffixes added to noun stems, such as : -less (smogless), -ful (roomful), -ism (adventurism), -ster (pollster), -nik (filmnik), -ish (childish); -ый (гордый), -ный(умный);-кор(пахтакор),-гар(заргар).
c) suffixes added to adjective stems, such as: -en (weaken), -ly (pinkly), -ish (longish), -ness (clannishness); -ость (глупость), -и-е (веселье); -лик (гўзаллик), (ёшлик).
Besides other productive ways such as conversion, compounding and shortening also can be found in the compared languages’ word forming system.
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