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Word
Simple words consist of one root morpheme and an inflexion (in many cases the inflexion is zero), e.g. “red”, “ask”, “leg”;
Derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion, e.g. “ aimless”, “unemployed”, “disbelief”;
Compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion, e.g. “foreign-made”, “red-haired”;
Compound-derived words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion, e.g. “a stay-slim diet”,“an out-of-town performance”, “do-it-yourself principle”.
In the Uzbek language they can be classified into:
Туб
(root)
Simple words in Uzbek can be subdivided into root “ ўқи”, “келди”, and derived “билим”, “улғай”, “серзавқ”.
A distinctive feature of the Uzbek language is having the types of words such as pairs and repeated ones which can be formed by a hyphen and give one meaning. Pair words in Uzbek can be formed as followings:
The way of forming English, Uzbek and Russian short compounds are the same. There are three ways of forming short compounds:
The solid or closed form in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are: “housewife”, “lawsuit” and “wallpaper”.
Uzbek examples are: “сувилон”, “тоғолча”, “гултувак”.
Russian examples are: “водовоз”, “сумасшедший”.
The hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds that contain affixes, such as “house-builder” and “single-mind” (ed) (ness) but if these words are written in Uzbek and Russian they will be written without a hyphen: “single-mindedness”ҳурфикрлилик, честолюбие.
As well as an adjective – adjective compounds and verb – verb compounds, such as “blue-green” and “freeze-dry”, are often hyphenated. Some Uzbek verb – verb compounds are not hyphenated: “сотиболди”, “борибкелди” .And such Russian compounds also are not hyphenated, e.g. adjective – adjective: “драгоценный”.
Compounds that contain particles, such as “mother-of-pearl” and “salt- and- pepper”, “mother-in-law”, “merry-go-round”, are also hyphenated.
The open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations are usually longer, such as “distance learning”, “player piano”, “lawn tennis”.
In Uzbek and Russian there are also such kind of open compounds: “стол тенниси”, “масофавий ўқитиш”, “дистанционноеобучение”, “гарантийный талон”, “настольный теннис”.
In Uzbek the relationships between the components of compound words are different: They show:
1. Comparison: “карнайгул”, “отқулоқ”, “туяқуш”, “шерюрак”, “қўйкўз”.
2. Relevance, purposed for something: “гултувак” (vase for flower), “оловкурак”, “токқайчи”, “қийматахта”. In English and Russian “washing- machine”, “blood-vessel” (a tube through which blood flows in the body), “стиральная машина”, “гладильная доска”.
3. Connection to some places: “сувилон” (a snake which lives in water), “тоғолча”, “чўлялпиз”, “қўқонарава” like in English “zookeeper”, “postman”, “house keeper”, “head-dress”, “ear-ring”.
4. The mark of something: “аччиқтош”, “олақарға”, “шўрданак”, “қизилиштон”, “Қизилтепа”. In English “long-legged”, “bluebell”, “slow-coach.
5. Relationship to quantity: “бешбармоқ”, “мингоёқ”, “қирқоғайни”, “Бешариқ”. This rule is also relevant to English and Russian compounds such as: “three-cornered”, “fifteen-fold”, “six-fold”, “five-sided polygon”, “пятиэтажный”, “треугольный”, “шестикратный”.
Uzbek compound words are classified:
a) from the point of view of the way the components of the compound are linked together: “хомкалла”, “кўксултон”, “искабтопар”.
b) from the point of view of agreeing: “тўйбоши”, “китобсевар”, “дунёқараш”.
с) from the point of view of there lationship between subject and predicate: first elements of such kind a compound will be predicate: “гўшткуйди”, “келинтушди”.
There are 6 types of compound words in Uzbek:
Most frequently spread English and Russian compound words are:
Comparison of languages at the level of lexicology from theoretical points requires comparing the lexical units and their systematic relations. As it mentioned above the lexical units of the languages can be compared to various levels of languages. We tried to show some analysis of a word at several levels as its meaning, structure, and branches.
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