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Questions for self-control:
1. Give the definition of the term “parts of speech” in Linguistics.
2. Why do linguists name parts of speech as primary grammatical categories?
3. Who suggested this term?
4. Analyze different approaches to classification of parts of speech.What do you think about it? Give your own opinion.
5. What is the main criterion for uniting words into one and the same part of speech?
6. Different approaches to classification of parts of speech.
7. What parts of speech are there in English, Uzbek and Russian?
8. Reveal similarities and differences.
9. The problem of interference in foreign language teaching acquisition (Morphological level).
Recommended Literature:
Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. Ленинград, 1979.
Буранов Ж.Б. Сравнительная типология английского и тюркских языков. М, 1983.
Рождественский Ю.В. Типология слова. М, 1969.
Sh. RakhmatullaevHozirgiadabiyo‘zbektili (darslik). Universitet. T, 2006.
3.3. Typology of Grammatical Categories in the English, Uzbek and Russian Languages
Grammatical category is a system opposed to each other grammatical forms with similar values. Members of the same grammatical category are the general grammatical meaning and differ in connotation.
Grammatical categories are subdivided into morphological and syntactic. Among the morphological categories are distinguished, for example, the following kind of grammatical categories, tense, mood, person, gender, number, case; consistent expression of these categories are characterized by the whole grammatical word classes (parts of speech).
Grammatical categories in different languages with a strong word formation, i.e. such members can be represented by the forms of the same word within its paradigm (for example, in the Russian language - the tense, the number of the verb; number, case, gender of the noun; degrees of comparison of adjectives).
Word changing, i.e.such members can not be represented by forms of the same word (for example, in the Russian language - the genus and animateness/inanimateness nouns).
Also, grammatical categories are distinguished as:
They revealed syntactically (relational), i.e. pointing especially to the combinability of the forms as part of the phrase or sentence (for example, in the Russian language - gender, case)
non-syntactical detected (referential, nominative), i.e. expressed primarily different semantic abstraction, abstracted from properties,
connections and relationships extralinguistic reality (for example, in the Russian language - the kind of time)
Such grammatical category as for example, the number or the person can combine features of both these types.
According to Dr. Buranov, grammatical categories can be divided into two:
grammatical macro categories or primary grammatical categories (the term suggested by Aristotle);
grammatical micro categories orsecondary grammatical categories (the term suggested by Aristotle).
Parts of speech or lexico-grammatic classes of words are primary grammatical categories.
As it is known, classification of parts of speech in compared languages can be identified according to the following features of lexemes:
lexical and grammatical meaning
generalization of morphologic forms for certain word groups
according to the function of words in the sentences.
Every word of a certain part of speech has its own morphological forms, these forms contain morphological paradigm and can be connected with certain grammatical categories. For instance, in English the inflection –s can represent acategory of number and –ed of the verb can represent tense category and etc [Buranov, 1973, 101].
Secondary grammatical categories are the units of grammatical meaning and grammatical forms.
Any grammatical category (the category of gender, category number, category of case, etc.) in each word has a specific content. For example, the category of gender, a noun category, in the words of the книга (book) reveals that this noun is a feminine noun in Russian; category or type, for example, the verb рисовать (to draw) has specific content - a verb imperfective. These meanings of words are called grammatical meanings. Therefore, every word can have a number of grammatical meanings, for example, in the Russian verb бежал the following grammatical meanings can be observed: past tense meaning, singular, the masculine category of gender, unfinished form.
Grammatical meanings are expressed by a specific means of a language. For example, the meaning of the 1st person singular of the Russian verb пишу is expressed by the ending -y, and the general meaning of the instrumental case of the word лесом is expressed by the ending -ом. These expressions of grammatical meanings with external language means are called grammatical forms. Consequently, the form of the word is a variation of the same word, differentiated from each other with grammatical meanings. Beyond the grammatical form, there is no grammatical meaning. Grammatical meanings can be expressed not only by morphological changes of words but also by means of other words, with which it is associated in the sentence. For example, in the Russian sentences Он купил пальто and Он был в пальто the form of the word пальто (coat) is the same, but in the first case it has the grammatical meaning of the accusative case, and in the second - the prepositional. These meanings are formed with different connections of the word with other words in the sentence.
Moreover, according to the structure grammatical forms can be subdivided into synthetic form and analytic form.
The main difference between synthetic form and analytical form is that synthetic forms can be formed with the help of affixal grammatic morphemes (like morphemes of aspect, tense, mood, voice, person, number and perfect categories) while analytic forms are formed with link verbs.
In the following examples of comparison of secondary grammatical categories, grammatical meaning and grammatical forms can be identified.
In the English, Russian and Uzbek languages, plurality is the category of the noun, pronoun, and verb, which means a great number of something or someone. For example, these books are interesting – бу китоблар қизиқарли – эти книги интересны.
All compared languages have some nouns, which are never used in plural form such as love, friendship, hate – любовь, дружба – муҳаббат, дўстлик.
The verbs of compared languages are able to indicate the plurality.
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