Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

Morphological level studies the smallest meaningful unit of a language – morpheme. The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe ‘form’ + -eme. The Greek suffix -erne has been adopted by linguists to denote the smallest significant or distinctive unit.

Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world that groups languages according to their common morphological structures.

Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; in fact, the correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are composed of independent root morphemes.

Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent morphemes to a root morpheme.

Due to the presence and absence of word forms (prefixes, infixes, suffixes) languages are divided into those, which have affixes, and those, which do not have them.

Language that does not have affixes is called Isolate: Chinese, Japanese.

When a word is a whole sentence, this type is called Polysynthetic (American-Indian languages). These languages have a high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly regular morphology, and the tendency for verb forms to include morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject.

Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they may be individually identified.

Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are, of course, inseparable from the root.

The term grammatical category is based on grammar. It means the combination of the meaning and its form. (eg. Work+s =works / cat.of tense).

The term “morphology” is a Greek word (“morphe” – a form and “logos” a word/science.

A morpheme which has bilateral phenomenon – the form and its meaning is the main unit of the morphological level.

V.V.Humboldt was the founder of morphological typology.

The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense. The concept substance includes the names of living beings, lifeless things, abstract notions and etc.

The noun has the category of number – singular and plural.

Nouns have two cases in English, six in Uzbek and Russian.

Nouns have a grammatical category of gender in Russian but not in English and Uzbek.