Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

Typology of phonetic and phonological level of the English and Native languages

1. 
   The term 'phonetics' is the greek word ( "phone" - means sound, voice and "tika" - a science/box). It is a science which studies the phonetic substance and the expression area of the language, or otherwise a physical media of a language (sounds, syllables, stress, and intonation).
   
2. 
   From the acoustic and articulator points of view, the phonemic system of any language may be divided into vowels and consonants.
   
3. 
   Segmental phonology studies phonemes realized in a various speech sound. Therefore, it may be called phonemics.
   
4. 
   Suprasegmental phonology (prosodies) studies the distinctive features realized in syllables, stress, and intonation.
   
5. 
   The Prague linguistic school was the center of phonological typology in its time. N.S. Trubetskoy is considered the founder of the typology of the phonological system (theory of distinctive features).
   
6. 
   Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Languages differ with word stress placement and degrees of it.
   
7. 
   Intonation is a complex unity of speech melody, sentence stress, the tempo of speech, the rhythm of speech, voice tember and pausation that enables speakers to express their thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
   
8. 
   When phonemes are pronounced in words, they change their place of articulation or their features, this process is called assimilation.
   
9. 
   Dissimilation is the process by which one of two similar or identical sounds in a word becomes less the other, such as in the English marble (from French marbre).
   
10. 
    Reduction refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, which are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position.
    
11.