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Journal of Neuroscience
20.14 (July 15, 2000): 5516–25; Dean Buonomano and Michael Mauk, 
"Neural Network Model of the Cerebellum: Temporal Discrimination and the Timing of Motor Reponses," 
Neural Computation
6.1 (1994): 38–55. 
86.
Medina et al., "Timing Mechanisms in the Cerebellum." 
87.
Carver Mead, 
Analog VLSI and Neural Systems
(Boston: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1989). 
88.
Lloyd Watts, "Visualizing Complexity in the Brain," in 
Computational Intelligence: The Experts Speak
, D. 
Fogel and C. Robinson, eds. (Hoboken, N.J.: IEEE Press/Wiley, 2003), pp. 45–56, 
http://www.lloydwatts.com/wcci.pdf. 
89.
Ibid. 
90.
See http://www.lloydwatts.com/neuroscience.shtml. NanoComputer Dream Team, "The Law of Accelerating 
Returns, Part II," http://nanocomputer.org/index.cfm?content=90&Menu=19. 
91.
See http://info.med.yale.edu/bbs/faculty/she_go.html. 
92.
Gordon M. Shepherd, ed., 
The Synaptic Organization of the Brain
, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University 
Press, 1998), p. vi. 
93.
E.Young, "Cochlear Nucleus," in ibid., pp. 121–58. 

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94.
Tom Yin, "Neural Mechanisms of Encoding Binaural Localization Cues in the Auditory Brainstem," in D. 
Oertel, R. Fay, and A. Popper, eds., 
Integrative Functions in the Mammalian Auditory Pathway
(New York: 
Springer-Verlag, 2002), pp. 99–159. 
95.
John Casseday, Thane Premouw, and Ellen Covey, "The Inferior Colliculus: A Hub for the Central Auditory 
System," in Oertel, Fay, and Popper, 
Integrative Functions in the Mammalian Auditory Pathway
, pp. 238–318. 
96.
Diagram by Lloyd Watts, http://www.lloydwatts.com/neuroscience.shtml, adapted from E.Young, "Cochlear 
Nucleus" in G. Shepherd, ed., 
The Synaptic Organization of the Brain
, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University 
Press, 2003 [first published 1998]), pp. 121–58; D. Oertel in D. Oertel, R. Fay, and A. Popper, eds., 
Integrative 
Functions in the Mammalian Auditory Pathway
(New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002), pp. 1–5; John Casseday, 
T. Fremouw, and E. Covey, "Inferior Colliculus" in ibid.; J. LeDoux, 
The Emotional Brain
(New York: Simon 
& Schuster, 1997); J. Rauschecker and B. Tian, "Mechanisms and Streams for Processing of 'What' and 
'Where' in Auditory Cortex," 
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
97.22: 11800–11806. 
Brain regions modeled: 
Cochlea: Sense organ of hearing. Thirty thousand fibers convert motion of the stapes into 
spectrotemporal representations of sound. 
MC: Multipolar cells. Measure spectral energy. 
GBC: Globular bushy cells. Relay spikes from the auditory nerve to the lateral superior olivary complex 
(includes LSO and MSO). Encoding of timing and amplitude of signals for binaural comparison 
of level. 
SBC: Spherical bushy cells. Provide temporal sharpening of time of arrival, as a preprocessor for 
interaural time-difference calculation (difference in time of arrival between the two ears, used to 
tell where a sound is coming from). 
OC: Octopus cells. Detection of transients. 
DCN: Dorsal cochlear nucleus. Detection of spectral edges and calibrating for noise levels. 
VNTB: Ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body. Feedback signals to modulate outer hair-cell function in 
the cochlea. 
VNLL, PON: Ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus; peri-olivary nuclei: processing transients from 
the 0C. 
MSO: Medial superior olive. Computing interaural time difference. 
LSO: Lateral superior olive. Also involved in computing interaural level difference. 
ICC: Central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. The site of major integration of multiple representations 
of sound. 
ICx: Exterior nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Further refinement of sound localization. 
SC: Superior colliculus. Location of auditory/visual merging. 
MGB: Medial geniculate body. The auditory portion of the thalamus. 
LS: Limbic system. Comprising many structures associated with emotion, memory, territory, et cetera. 
AC: Auditory cortex. 
97.
M. S. Humayun et al., "Human Neural Retinal Transplantation,"