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Kurzweil, Ray - Singularity Is Near, The (hardback ed) [v1.3]

Trans
-Suppression of Misfolding in an Amyloid Disease," 
Science
293.5539 
(September 28, 2001): 2459–62. 
11.
A fascinating account of the new biology is given in Horace F. Judson, 
The Eighth Day of Creation: The 
Makers of the Revolution in Biology
(Woodbury, N.Y.: CSHL Press, 1996). 
12.
Raymond Kurzweil and Terry Grossman, M.D., 
Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever
(New 
York: Rodale, 2004). See http://www.Fantastic-Voyage.net and http://www.RayandTerry.com. 
13.
Raymond Kurzweil, 
The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life: How to Eliminate Virtually All Risk of Heart 
Disease and Cancer
(New York: Crown Books, 1993). 
14.
Kurzweil and Grossman
Fantastic Voyage
. "Ray & Terry's Longevity Program" is articulated throughout the 
book. 
15.
The test for "biological age," called the H-scan test, includes tests for auditoryreaction time, highest audible 
pitch, vibrotactile sensitivity, visual-reaction time, muscle-movement time, lung (forced expiratory) volume, 
visual-reaction time with decision, muscle-movement time with decision, memory (length of sequence), 
alternative button-tapping time, and visual accommodation. The author had this test done at Frontier Medical 
Institute (Grossman's health and longevity clinic), http://www.FMIClinic.com.For information on the H-scan 
test, see Diagnostic and Lab Testing, Longevity Institute, Dallas, http://www.lidhealth.com/diagnostic.html. 
16.
Kurzweil and Grossman, 
Fantastic Voyage
, chapter 10: "Ray's Personal Program." 
17.
Ibid. 
18.
Aubrey D. N. J. de Grey, "The Foreseeability of Real Anti-Aging Medicine: Focusing the Debate," 
Experimental Gerontology
38.9 (September 2003): 927–34; Aubrey D. N. J. de Grey, "An Engineer's 
Approach to the Development of Real Anti-Aging Medicine," 
Science of Aging, Knowledge, Environment



(2003): Aubrey D. N. J. de Grey et al., "Is Human Aging Still Mysterious Enough to Be Left Only to 
Scientists?" 
BioEssays
24.7 (July 2002): 667–76. 
19.
Aubrey D. N. J. de Grey, ed., 
Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence: Why Genuine Control of Aging 
May Be Foreseeable
, Annals of the New YorkAcademy of Sciences, vol. 1019 (New York: New York 
Academy of Sciences, June 2004). 


20.
In addition to providing the functions of different types of cells, two other reasons for cells to 
control the expression of genes are environmental cues and developmental processes. Even simple 
organisms such as bacteria can turn on and off the synthesis of proteins depending on 
environmental cues. 
E. coli
, for example, can turn off the synthesis of proteins that allow it to 
control the level of nitrogen gas from the air when there are other, less energy-intensive sources of 
nitrogen in its environment. A recent study of 1,800 strawberry genes found that the expression of 
200 of those genes varied during different stages of development. E. Marshall, "An Array of Uses: 
Expression Patterns in Strawberries, Ebola, TB, and Mouse Cells," 
Science
286.5439 (1999): 445. 
21.
Along with a protein-encoding region, genes include regulatory sequences called promoters and 
enhancers that control where and when that gene is expressed. Promoters of genes that encode 
proteins are typically located immediately "upstream" on the DNA. An enhancer activates the use 
of a promoter, thereby controlling the rate of gene expression. Most genes require enhancers to be 
expressed. Enhancers have been called "the major determinant of differential transcription in space 
(cell type) and time"; and any given gene can have several different enhancer sites linked to it (S. F. 
Gilbert, 

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