Microsoft Word Английский язык для самостоятельной работы студентов юридических специальностей. Практикум doc

EVALUATING THROUGH READING 
Text A
Task 1. Read the passage to identify the words which characterize a criminal 
and civil procedure.
Depending on the character of a case there are two kinds of trial proce-
dures: criminal and civil
. 
The difference between them lays in the steps of the 
procedures.
The steps of criminal procedure are: 
–
arrest (any significant deprivation of an individual’s freedom of action, 
especially taking into custody);

–
bail
 
(a deposit of money to guarantee that an accused person will ap-
pear for trial); 
–
preliminary
 
hearing (which is held to determine whether there is prob-
able cause for holding the accused for trial); 
–
arraignment
 
(to establish the identity of the accused, to inform the ac-
cused of the charges, to allow the court to hear the plea of the accused-
declaration of guilt or innocence
;
–
trial
 
(a judicial examination of issues disputed by parties for the pur-
pose of determining the rights of the parties); 
–
verdict (a finding of decision in a case). 
The steps in civil procedure
 
have got 4 phases.
Phase 1: pleadings refer to the series of written claims and defenses that es-
tablish what is in controversy or at issue, on what grounds the action is being 
based and who is involved. Under modern rules the principal pleadings are the 
complaint, the answer, and if the answer contains 
counterclaims, 
the reply.
Phase 2: discovery. When the initial pleading stage of litigation is con-
cluded, the attorneys will attempt to locate all witnesses and uncover all evi-
dence while learning as much as possible about the issues. 
Phase 3: trial and judgment. If a case can not be settled by mutual agree-
ment, the case must go to trial for a decision on the merits. 

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Phase 4: conclusion of litigation. After the court hands down a judgment, 
the losing party has several options: to satisfy the judgment (as by paying the 
damages); to fail to perform satisfaction, in which case the prevailing party 
may have to take measures to enforce the judgment (as by attaching the losing