Membrane Gas Separation

Document Outline

• Membrane Gas Separation
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Contributors
  • Part I: Novel Membrane Materials and Transport in Them
    • 1: Synthesis and Gas Permeability of Hyperbranched and Cross-linked Polyimide Membranes
      • 1.1 Introduction
      • 1.2 Molecular Designs for Membranes
      • 1.3 Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polyimides
        • 1.3.1 Amorphous Cross-linked Polyimides (Type II)
        • 1.3.2 Hyperbranched Polyimides (Type III)
      • 1.4 Gas Permeation Properties
        • 1.4.1 Amorphous Cross-linked Polyimides (Type II)
        • 1.4.2 Hyperbranched Polyimides (Type III)
        • 1.4.3 Selectivity and Permeability
      • 1.5 Concluding Remarks
      • References
    • 2: Gas Permeation Parameters and Other Physicochemical Properties of a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1)
      • 2.1 Introduction
      • 2.2 The PIM Concept
      • 2.3 Gas Adsorption
      • 2.4 Gas Permeation
      • 2.5 Inverse Gas Chromatography
      • 2.6 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy
      • 2.7 Conclusions
      • Acknowledgements
      • References
    • 3: Addition-type Polynorbornene with Si(CH3)3 Side Groups: Detailed Study of Gas Permeation, Free Volume and Thermodynamic Properties
      • 3.1 Introduction
      • 3.2 Experimental
      • 3.3 Results and Discussion
        • 3.3.1 Physical Properties
        • 3.3.2 Gas Permeability
        • 3.3.3 Sorption and Diffusion
        • 3.3.4 Free Volume
      • 3.4 Conclusions
      • References
    • 4: Amorphous Glassy Perfluoropolymer Membranes of Hyflon AD®: Free Volume Distribution by Photochromic Probing and Vapour Transport Properties
      • 4.1 Introduction and Scope
        • 4.1.1 Free Volume and Free Volume Probing Methods for Polymers
        • 4.1.2 Details of the Photochromic Probe Method
        • 4.1.3 Relevance of Free Volume for Mass Transport Properties
      • 4.2 Membrane Preparation
        • 4.2.1 Materials
        • 4.2.2 Procedures
        • 4.2.3 Membrane Properties
      • 4.3 Free Volume Analysis
        • 4.3.1 Photoisomerization Procedures and UV-Visible Characterization
        • 4.3.2 Probes and Spectrophotometric Analysis
        • 4.3.3 Free Volume Distribution
      • 4.4 Molecular Dynamics Simulations
      • 4.5 Transport Properties
        • 4.5.1 Permeation Measurements
        • 4.5.2 Data Elaboration: Determination of the Time Lag and Steady State Permeability
        • 4.5.3 Vapour Permeation Measurements
      • 4.6 Correlation of Transport and Free Volume
      • 4.7 Conclusions
      • References
    • 5: Modelling Gas Separation in Porous Membranes
      • 5.1 Introduction
      • 5.2 Background
      • 5.3 Surface Diffusion
      • 5.4 Knudsen Diffusion
      • 5.5 Membranes: Porous Structures?
      • 5.6 Transition State Theory (TST)
      • 5.7 Transport Models for Ordered Pore Networks
        • 5.7.1 Parallel Transport Model
        • 5.7.2 Resistance in Series Transport Model
      • 5.8 Pore Size, Shape and Composition
      • 5.9 The New Model
        • 5.9.1 Enhanced Separation by Tailoring Pore Size
        • 5.9.2 Determining Diffusion Regime from Experimental Flux
        • 5.9.3 Predictions of Gas Separation
      • 5.10 Conclusion
      • List of symbols
      • References
  • Part II: Nanocomposite (Mixed Matrix) Membranes
    • 6: Glassy Perfluorolymer–Zeolite Hybrid Membranes for Gas Separations
      • 6.1 Introduction
      • 6.2 Materials and Methods
      • 6.3 Results and Discussion
      • 6.4 Conclusions
      • Acknowledgements
      • References
    • 7: Vapor Sorption and Diffusion in Mixed Matrices Based on Teflon® AF 2400
      • 7.1 Introduction
      • 7.2 Theoretical Background
        • 7.2.1 NELF Model
        • 7.2.2 Modelling Gas Solubility Into Mixed Matrix Glassy Membranes
        • 7.2.3 Modelling Gas Diffusivity and Permeability in Mixed Matrix Glassy Membranes
      • 7.3 Experimental
        • 7.3.1 Materials
        • 7.3.2 Vapour Sorption
      • 7.4 Results and Discussion
        • 7.4.1 Vapour Sorption in Mixed Matrices Based on AF 2400
        • 7.4.2 Diffusivity
        • 7.4.3 Correlations for Diffusivity
        • 7.4.4 Permeability and Selectivity
      • 7.5 Conclusions
      • Acknowledgements
      • References
    • 8: Physical and Gas Transport Properties of Hyperbranched Polyimide–Silica Hybrid Membranes
      • 8.1 Introduction
      • 8.2 Experimental
        • 8.2.1 Materials
        • 8.2.2 Polymerization
        • 8.2.3 Membrane Formation
        • 8.2.4 Measurements
      • 8.3 Results and Discussion
        • 8.3.1 Polymer Characterization
        • 8.3.2 Gas Transport Properties of HBPI–Silica Hybrid Membranes
        • 8.3.3 O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 Selectivities of HBPI–Silica Hybrid Membranes
      • 8.4 Conclusions
      • References
    • 9: Air Enrichment by Polymeric Magnetic Membranes
      • 9.1 Introduction
      • 9.2 Formulation of the Problem
        • 9.2.1 One-component Permeation Process – Fick’s and Smoluchowski Equation
        • 9.2.2 Diffusion Equation for Two-component Gas Mixture (Without and With a Potential Field)
      • 9.3 Experimental
        • 9.3.1 Membrane Preparation
        • 9.3.2 Experimental Setup
        • 9.3.3 Time Lag Method and D1-D8 System
        • 9.3.4 Permeation Data
      • 9.4 Results and Discussion
      • 9.5 Conclusions
      • Acknowledgements
      • List of Symbols
      • References
  • Part III: Membrane Separation of CO2 from Gas Streams
    • 10: Ionic Liquid Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Separation
      • 10.1 Introduction
      • 10.2 Experimental
      • 10.3 Results
      • 10.4 Discussion
      • 10.5 Conclusions
      • References
    • 11: The Effects of Minor Components on the Gas Separation Performance of Polymeric Membranes for Carbon Capture
      • 11.1 Introduction
      • 11.2 Sorption Theory for Multiple Gas Components
        • 11.2.1 Rubbery Polymeric Membranes
        • 11.2.2 Glassy Membranes
      • 11.3 Minor Components
        • 11.3.1 Sulfur Oxides
        • 11.3.2 Nitric Oxides
        • 11.3.3 Hydrogen Sulfide
        • 11.3.4 Carbon Monoxide
        • 11.3.5 Water
        • 11.3.6 Hydrocarbons
      • 11.4 Conclusions
      • References
    • 12: Tailoring Polymeric Membrane Based on Segmented Block Copolymers for CO2 Separation
      • 12.1 Introduction
      • 12.2 Tailoring Block Copolymers with Superior Performance
      • 12.3 Block Copolymers and their Blends with Polyethylene Glycol
      • 12.4 Composite Membranes
      • 12.5 Conclusions and Future Aspects
      • References
    • 13: CO2 Permeation with Pebax®-based Membranes for Global Warming Reduction
      • 13.1 Introduction
      • 13.2 Experimental
        • 13.2.1 Chemicals
        • 13.2.2 Membranes
        • 13.2.3 Gas Permeability Measurements
        • 13.2.4 Gas Sorption Measurements
        • 13.2.5 Thermal Behaviour Studies by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry)
        • 13.2.6 AFM Surface Imaging
        • 13.2.7 Surface Modification of Pebax® Membrane by Cold Plasma
      • 13.3 Results and Discussions
        • 13.3.1 Sorption and Permeation of CO2 and N2 in Extruded Pebax® Films
        • 13.3.2 Pebax® 1657-based Blend Membrane: Structure and Properties
        • 13.3.3 Pebax® 1657 Membrane Modified by Cold Plasma
      • 13.4 Conclusions
      • References
  • Part IV: Applied Aspects of Membrane Gas Separation
    • 14: Membrane Engineering: Progress and Potentialities in Gas Separations
      • 14.1 Introduction
      • 14.2 Materials and Membranes Employed in GS
        • 14.2.1 Membrane Modules
      • 14.3 Membranes Applications in GS
        • 14.3.1 Current Applications of Membranes in GS
        • 14.3.2 Hydrogen Recovery
        • 14.3.3 Air Separation
        • 14.3.4 Natural Gas Treatment
        • 14.3.5 CO2 Capture
        • 14.3.6 Vapour/Gas Separation
      • 14.4 New Metrics for Gas Separation Applications
        • 14.4.1 Case Study: Hydrogen Separation in Refineries
      • References
    • 15: Evolution of Natural Gas Treatment with Membrane Systems
      • 15.1 Introduction
      • 15.2 Market for Natural Gas Treatment
      • 15.3 Amine Treaters
      • 15.4 Contaminants and Membrane Performance
      • 15.5 Cellulose Acetate versus Polyimide
      • 15.6 Compaction in Gas Separations
      • 15.7 Experimental
      • 15.8 Laboratory Tests of Cellulose Acetate Membranes
      • 15.9 Field Trials of Cellulose Acetate Membranes
      • 15.10 Strategies for Reduced Size of Large-scale Membrane Systems
      • 15.11 Research Directions
      • 15.12 Summary
      • Acknowledgements
      • References
    • 16: The Effect of Sweep Uniformity on Gas Dehydration Module Performance
      • 16.1 Introduction
      • 16.2 Theory
        • 16.2.1 Gaussian Distribution of Sweep
        • 16.2.2 Explicit Sweep Distribution Simulations
      • 16.3 Results and Discussion
        • 16.3.1 Module Performance with Ideal Sweep Distribution
        • 16.3.2 Effect of Sweep and ID Variation
        • 16.3.3 Effect of Sweep Distribution
        • 16.3.4 Effect of Fibre Packing Variation Along Case
      • 16.4 Conclusion
      • List of Symbols
      • References
  • Index